TY  - JOUR
U1  - Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
A1  - Krauss, Veronika
A1  - Saeghe, Pejman
A1  - Boden, Alexander
A1  - Khamis, Mohamed
A1  - McGill, Mark
A1  - Gugenheimer, Jan
A1  - Nebeling, Michael
T1  - What Makes XR Dark? Examining Emerging Dark Patterns in Augmented and Virtual Reality through Expert Co-Design
JF  - ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
N2  - Dark Patterns are deceptive designs that influence a user's interactions with an interface to benefit someone other than the user. Prior work has identified dark patterns in WIMP interfaces and ubicomp environments, but how dark patterns can manifest in Augmented and Virtual Reality (collectively XR) requires more attention. We therefore conducted ten co-design workshops with 20 experts in XR and deceptive design. Our participants co-designed 42 scenarios containing dark patterns, based on application archetypes presented in recent HCI/XR literature. In the co-designed scenarios, we identified ten novel dark patterns in addition to 39 existing ones, as well as ten examples in which specific characteristics associated with XR potentially amplified the effect dark patterns could have on users. Based on our findings and prior work, we present a classification of XR-specific properties that facilitate dark patterns: perception, spatiality, physical/virtual barriers, and XR device sensing. We also present the experts’ assessments of the likelihood and severity of the co-designed scenarios and highlight key aspects they considered for this evaluation, for example, technological feasibility, ease of upscaling and distributing malicious implementations, and the application's context of use. Finally, we discuss means to mitigate XR dark patterns and support regulatory bodies to reduce potential harms.
KW  - deceptive design
KW  - speculative design workshops
KW  - virtual reality
KW  - dark patterns
KW  - augmented reality
Y1  - 2024
SN  - 1073-0516
SS  - 1073-0516
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1145/3660340
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1145/3660340
VL  - 31
IS  - 3
SP  - 1
EP  - 39
PB  - Association for Computing Machinery
CY  - New York, NY, United States
ER  -