TY  - JOUR
U1  - Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
A1  - Köhler, Niklas Alexander
A1  - Geis, Marcel
A1  - Nöh, Claudius
A1  - Mielke, Alexandra
A1  - Groß, Volker
A1  - Lange, Robert
A1  - Sohrabi, Keywan
A1  - Frey, Jochen
T1  - Key Parameters for Performance and Resilience Modeling of 3D Time-of-Flight Cameras Under Consideration of Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Phase Noise Wiggling
JF  - Sensors
N2  - Because of their resilience, Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras are now essential components in scientific and industrial settings. This paper outlines the essential factors for modeling 3D ToF cameras, with specific emphasis on analyzing the phenomenon known as “wiggling”. Through our investigation, we demonstrate that wiggling not only causes systematic errors in distance measurements, but also introduces periodic fluctuations in statistical measurement uncertainty, which compounds the dependence on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Armed with this knowledge, we developed a new 3D camera model, which we then made computationally tractable. To illustrate and evaluate the model, we compared measurement data with simulated data of the same scene. This allowed us to individually demonstrate various effects on the signal-to-noise ratio, reflectivity, and distance.
KW  - camera modeling
KW  - sensor resilience
KW  - absolute phase wiggling
KW  - amplitude wiggling
KW  - camera characterization
KW  - Time-of-Flight (ToF)
KW  - phase noise wiggling
Y1  - 2025
UN  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:1044-opus-88067
SN  - 1424-8220
SS  - 1424-8220
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010109
DO  - https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010109
PM  - 39796900
VL  - 25
IS  - 1
SP  - 16
S1  - 16
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -