TY - JOUR U1 - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed) A1 - Ottensmeyer, Patrick Frank A1 - Witzler, Markus A1 - Schulze, Margit A1 - Tobiasch, Edda T1 - Small Molecules Enhance Scaffold-Based Bone Grafts via Purinergic Receptor Signaling in Stem Cells JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - The need for bone grafts is high, due to age-related diseases, such as tumor resections, but also accidents, risky sports, and military conflicts. The gold standard for bone grafting is the use of autografts from the iliac crest, but the limited amount of accessible material demands new sources of bone replacement. The use of mesenchymal stem cells or their descendant cells, namely osteoblast, the bone-building cells and endothelial cells for angiogenesis, combined with artificial scaffolds, is a new approach. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be obtained from the patient themselves, or from donors, as they barely cause an immune response in the recipient. However, MSCs never fully differentiate in vitro which might lead to unwanted effects in vivo. Interestingly, purinergic receptors can positively influence the differentiation of both osteoblasts and endothelial cells, using specific artificial ligands. An overview is given on purinergic receptor signaling in the most-needed cell types involved in bone metabolism-namely osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and endothelial cells. Furthermore, different types of scaffolds and their production methods will be elucidated. Finally, recent patents on scaffold materials, as wells as purinergic receptor-influencing molecules which might impact bone grafting, are discussed. KW - purinergic receptors KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - osteoclast KW - osteoblast KW - angiogenesis KW - bone KW - patent KW - scaffold KW - drug release UN - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:1044-opus-43276 SN - 1422-0067 SS - 1422-0067 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113601 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113601 PM - 30441872 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - 30 S1 - 30 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -