Key Parameters for Performance and Resilience Modeling of 3D Time-of-Flight Cameras Under Consideration of Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Phase Noise Wiggling
- Because of their resilience, Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras are now essential components in scientific and industrial settings. This paper outlines the essential factors for modeling 3D ToF cameras, with specific emphasis on analyzing the phenomenon known as “wiggling”. Through our investigation, we demonstrate that wiggling not only causes systematic errors in distance measurements, but also introduces periodic fluctuations in statistical measurement uncertainty, which compounds the dependence on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Armed with this knowledge, we developed a new 3D camera model, which we then made computationally tractable. To illustrate and evaluate the model, we compared measurement data with simulated data of the same scene. This allowed us to individually demonstrate various effects on the signal-to-noise ratio, reflectivity, and distance.
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| Document Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Author: | Niklas Alexander Köhler, Marcel Geis, Claudius Nöh, Alexandra Mielke, Volker Groß, Robert Lange, Keywan Sohrabi, Jochen Frey |
| Parent Title (English): | Sensors |
| Volume: | 25 |
| Issue: | 1 |
| Article Number: | 109 |
| Number of pages: | 16 |
| ISSN: | 1424-8220 |
| URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:1044-opus-88067 |
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010109 |
| PMID: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39796900 |
| Publisher: | MDPI |
| Place of publication: | Basel |
| Publishing Institution: | Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg |
| Date of first publication: | 2024/12/27 |
| Copyright: | © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. |
| Funding: | This work was performed within the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) funded project “Quietam Nox”, FKZ: 13GW0298B. Additionally, it is part of a cooperative dissertation project between Justus Liebig University Giessen and Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences at the Graduate Centre of Engineering Sciences at the Research Campus of Central Hessen. |
| Keywords: | Time-of-Flight (ToF); absolute phase wiggling; amplitude wiggling; camera characterization; camera modeling; phase noise wiggling; sensor resilience |
| Departments, institutes and facilities: | Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften und Kommunikation |
| Institut für Sicherheitsforschung (ISF) | |
| Institut für Technik, Ressourcenschonung und Energieeffizienz (TREE) | |
| Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC): | 6 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / 62 Ingenieurwissenschaften / 621.3 Elektrotechnik, Elektronik |
| Entry in this database: | 2025/01/06 |
| Licence (German): |  Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International |
