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EBV Negative Lymphoma and Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Like Phenotype Extend the Clinical Spectrum of Primary Immunodeficiency Caused by STK4 Deficiency

  • Serine/threonine kinase 4 (STK4) deficiency is an autosomal recessive genetic condition that leads to primary immunodeficiency (PID) typically characterized by lymphopenia, recurrent infections and Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) induced lymphoproliferation and -lymphoma. State-of-the-art treatment regimens consist of prevention or treatment of infections, immunoglobulin substitution (IVIG) and restoration of the immune system by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we report on two patients from two consanguineous families of Turkish (patient P1) and Moroccan (patient P2) decent, with PID due to homozygous STK4 mutations. P1 harbored a previously reported frameshift (c.1103 delT, p.M368RfsX2) and P2 a novel splice donor site mutation (P2; c.525+2 T>G). Both patients presented in childhood with recurrent infections, CD4 lymphopenia and dysregulated immunoglobulin levels. Patient P1 developed a highly malignant B cell lymphoma at the age of 10 years and a second, independent Hodgkin lymphoma 5 years later. To our knowledge she is the first STK4 deficient case reported who developed lymphoma in the absence of detectable EBV or other common viruses. Lymphoma development may be due to the lacking tumor suppressive function of STK4 or the perturbed immune surveillance due to the lack of CD4+ T cells. Our data should raise physicians' awareness of [1] lymphoma proneness of STK4 deficient patients even in the absence of EBV infection and [2] possibly underlying STK4 deficiency in pediatric patients with a history of recurrent infections, CD4 lymphopenia and lymphoma and unknown genetic make-up. Patient P2 experienced recurrent otitis in childhood, but when she presented at the age of 14, she showed clinical and immunological characteristics similar to patients suffering from Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS): elevated DNT cell number, non-malignant lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, hematolytic anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia. Also patient P1 presented with ALPS-like features (lymphadenopathy, elevated DNT cell number and increased Vitamin B12 levels) and both were initially clinically diagnosed as ALPS-like. Closer examination of P2, however, revealed active EBV infection and genetic testing identified a novel STK4 mutation. None of the patients harbored typically ALPS-associated mutations of the Fas receptor mediated apoptotic pathway and Fas-mediated apoptosis was not affected. The presented case reports extend the clinical spectrum of STK4 deficiency.

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Metadaten
Document Type:Article
Language:English
Author:Cyrill Schipp, David Schlütermann, Andrea Hönscheid, Schafiq Nabhani, Jessica Höll, Prasad T. Oommen, Sebastian Ginzel, Bernhard Fleckenstein, Björn Stork, Arndt Borkhardt, Polina Stepensky, Ute Fischer
Parent Title (English):Frontiers in Immunology
Volume:9
Article Number:2400
ISSN:1664-3224
URN:urn:nbn:de:hbz:1044-opus-42048
DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02400
PMID:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30386345
Publisher:Frontiers Media
Place of publication:Lausanne
Publishing Institution:Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg
Date of first publication:2018/10/16
Copyright:Copyright © 2018 Schipp, Schlütermann, Hönscheid, Nabhani, Höll, Oommen, Ginzel, Fleckenstein, Stork, Borkhardt, Stepensky and Fischer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
Funding:This work was funded by the Katharina Hardt Stiftung, an intramural grant of the Research Commission of the Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf (2016-70) and the Duesseldorf School of Oncology.
Departments, institutes and facilities:Fachbereich Informatik
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC):6 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften / 61 Medizin und Gesundheit / 610 Medizin und Gesundheit
Entry in this database:2018/10/24
Licence (German):License LogoCreative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International