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Ziel der zehnten Ausgabe des wissenschaftlichen Workshops "Usable Security und Privacy" auf der Mensch und Computer 2024 ist es, aktuelle Forschungs- und Praxisbeiträge auf diesem Gebiet zu präsentieren und mit den Teilnehmer:innen zu diskutieren. Getreu dem Konferenzmotto "Hybrid Worlds" soll mit dem Workshop ein etabliertes Forum fortgeführt und weiterentwickelt werden, in dem sich Expert:innen, Forscher:innen und Praktiker:innen aus unterschiedlichen Domänen transdisziplinär zum Thema Usable Security und Privacy austauschen können. Das Thema betrifft neben dem Usability- und Security-Engineering unterschiedliche Forschungsgebiete und Berufsfelder, z.~B. Informatik, Ingenieurwissenschaften, Mediengestaltung und Psychologie. Der Workshop richtet sich an interessierte Wissenschaftler:innen aus all diesen Bereichen, aber auch ausdrücklich an Vertreter:innen der Wirtschaft, Industrie und öffentlichen Verwaltung.
This research paper investigates the temporal and mental workload as well as work satisfaction regarding bureaucratic, administrative household labor, with a focus on socio-demographic differences. The study utilizes a paid online survey with 617 socio-demographically distributed participants. The results show significant differences in the temporal workload of different chore categories and in the quality of work, whereby satisfaction and mental workload are examined. In addition, the influences of gender, age, and education are analyzed, revealing differences in temporal and mental workload as well as work satisfaction. Our findings confirm prevailing literature showing that women have lower work satisfaction and a higher workload. In addition, we also discovered that younger people and groups of people with higher incomes have a higher level of satisfaction and a higher workload. In our study, a perceived high mental workload does not necessarily go hand in hand with a low level of satisfaction. This study contributes to the understanding of the bureaucratic burden on adults in their households and the variety of activities to manage private life.
‘Communication’ is the basic concept of an aesthetic media theory and, under the title ‘communication aesthetics’, is particularly suitable for defining a capacity of that phenomenon that also describes a holistic experience of so-called digitality in a new way. In the passage through this concept of communication, ‘communication aesthetics’ is therefore also the basic term for studies of digital media cultures and is used here as an example to determine the relevant phenomena of mediality, materiality and the contemporary technological body practices associated with them. ‘Aesthetics of communication’ is then also the title word for the sought-after answer to the question of whether the speech of transfer between different arts as ekphrastic representation acquires a significance of its own that cannot be decomposed by unconditionally necessary and, as a rule, even more important reflection on its effects. The essay examines how both sides of the term – the ‘aesthetic’ and the ‘communicative’ – can be discussed in order to reflect on their connection, especially against the background of the implications of the digital per se. In the first part, the contrasts that determine this conceptual construction are analyzed using an example of media culture in order to read them as the basic definitions of a dialectical concept of the ‘communicative-aesthetic’. Against this background, the second part of the essay deals with the related ‘communication-aesthetic’ practices that could be used as the ingredients and objects of a genuine interdisciplinary media theory.
Hinsichtlich der regional hohen N-Eintragungsmengen durch die Landwirtschaft sowie der bevorstehenden erneuten Verschärfung der Düngeverordnung, ist die Kenntnis über die Dynamik der N-Mineralisierung verschiedener Wirtschaftsdünger unerlässlich. Insbesondere bei der Etablierung neuartiger organischer N-Dünger ist deren Umweltwirkung, namentlich die der reaktiven Stickstoffverbindungen, von größter Relevanz. Damit zukünftig kosten- und zeitintensive destruktive Bonituren durch nicht invasive ersetzt werden können, bedarf es der Erprobung und Validierung der sensorbasierten Methodik. Dazu werden im Rahmen des INTERREG-Projektes „food pro.tec.ts“ verschiedene Wirtschaftsdünger, vor allem aus Miscanthus-Häckselgut, in einem Feldversuch mit Wintergerste appliziert und die N-Aufnahmemenge erfasst. Eine einmalige Hyperspektralmessung im Wellenlängenbereich von 500 nm bis 900 nm, mittels einer Drohne zum Zeitpunkt der Vollreife, dokumentiert den Zustand des Bestandes. Mithilfe zweier Indizes lassen sich kurz vor der Ernte noch Unterschiede zwischen einigen Varianten erkennen und auf den N-Versorgungszustand schließen.
This study presents a gender-focused perspective of entrepreneurship education programs, aiming to understand variations in entrepreneurial intention, reasoning on entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial education preferences. The present research grounds on Entrepreneurial Event Theory to examine entrepreneurial intention, desirability, and feasibility in the context of entrepreneurship education. The research was conducted in Germany in 2021 and included a sample of 156 university students. The study deploys the Mann-Whitney U Test to examine gender differences among university students regarding entrepreneurship. The findings highlight a heightened perception of risk among female students, influencing their focus on positive/negative entrepreneurial events compared to male students. Moreover, the research reveals a greater inclination among females to engage in both curricular and extracurricular entrepreneurship education activities, corroborating previous studies suggesting greater benefits for female students in such programs. The study also underscores the importance of distinguishing between curricular and extracurricular offerings, indicating promising avenues for future entrepreneurship education research. Overall, this investigation contributes new insights and explanations regarding gender dynamics in entrepreneurship education, shedding light on potential areas for further exploration in the field.
Virtual Reality (VR) sickness remains a significant challenge in the widespread adoption of VR technologies. The absence of a standardized benchmark system hinders progress in understanding and effectively countering VR sickness. This paper proposes an initial step towards a benchmark system, utilizing a novel methodological framework to serve as a common platform for evaluating contributing VR sickness factors and mitigation strategies. Our benchmark, grounded in established theories and leveraging existing research, features both small and large environments. In two research studies, we validated our system by demonstrating its capability to (1) quickly, reliably, and controllably induce VR sickness in both environments, followed by a rapid decline post-stimulus, facilitating cost and time-effective within-subject studies and increased statistical power, (2) integrate and evaluate established VR sickness mitigation methods — static and dynamic field of view reduction, blur, and virtual nose — demonstrating their effectiveness in reducing symptoms in the benchmark and their direct comparison within a standardized setting. Our proposed benchmark also enables broader, more comparative research into different technical, setup, and participant variables influencing VR sickness and overall user experience, ultimately paving the way for building a comprehensive database to identify the most effective strategies for specific VR applications.
Design and characterization of geopolymer foams reinforced with Miscanthus x giganteus fibres
(2024)
This paper presents the results of the optimisation and characterization of Miscanthus fibre reinforced geopolymer foams based on fly ash and represents an important step forward in the development of a sustainable and environmentally friendly insulation material. Miscanthus belongs to a promising group of renewable raw materials with favourable thermal insulation properties. Design of experiment (DoE) were used to optimize the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of Miscanthus x giganteus reinforced geopolymer foams. In addition, the samples was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Mixtures with a low thermal conductivity of 0.056 W (m K)−1 and a porosity of 79 vol% achieved a compressive strength of only 0.02 MPa. In comparison, mixtures with a thermal conductivity of 0.087 W (m K)−1 and a porosity of 58 vol% achieved a compressive strength of 0.45 MPa. Based on the determined parameters especially due to the low compressive strength, an application as cavity insulation or insulation between rafters is possible.
Enlarged Education – Exploring the Use of Generative AI to Support Lecturing in Higher Education
(2024)
Push notifications are widely used in Android apps to show users timely and potentially sensitive information outside the apps’ regular user interface. Google’s default service for sending push notifications, Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM), provides only transport layer security and does not offer app developers message protection schemes to prevent access or detect modifications by the push notification service provider or other intermediate systems.We present and discuss an in-depth mixed-methods study of push notification message security and privacy in Android apps. We statically analyze a representative set of 100,000 up-to-date and popular Android apps from Google Play to get an overview of push notification usage in the wild. In an in-depth follow-up analysis of 60 apps, we gain detailed insights into the leaked content and what some developers do to protect the messages. We find that (a) about half of the analyzed apps use push notifications, (b) about half of the in-depth analyzed messaging apps do not protect their push notifications, allowing access to sensitive data that jeopardizes users’ security and privacy and (c) the means of protection lack a standardized approach, manifesting in various developer-defined encryption schemes, custom protocols, or out-of-band communication methods. Our research highlights gaps in developer-centric security regarding appropriate technologies and supporting measures that researchers and platform providers should address.
Analyzing the consequences of power factor degradation in grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems
(2024)
This study examines the impact of integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on power factor (PF) within low-voltage radial distribution networks, using empirical data from the Energy Self-Sufficiency for Health Facilities in Ghana (EnerSHelF) project sites in Ghana. The research included simulations focusing on optimal PV integration, with and without PF considerations, and the strategic placement of PV and shunt capacitors (SC). Three scenarios evaluated PV injection at high-load demand nodes, achieving penetration levels of 85.00 percent, 82.88 percent with high voltage drop, and 100.00 percent with high loss nodes. Additionally, three scenarios assessed SC allocation methods: proportional to the node's reactive power demand (Scenario I), even distribution (Scenario II), and proportional to installed PV capacity at PV nodes (Scenario III).
The analysis used a twin-objective index (TOI), combining voltage deviations and power factor degradation. Results showed significant PV curtailment was necessary to achieve standard PF. Optimal penetration levels, considering TOI, reduced PV penetration from 85.00 percent to 63.75 percent, 82.88 percent to 57.38 percent, and 100.00 percent to 72.50 percent for high load, high voltage drops, and high loss nodes, respectively. Notably, all scenarios showed a concerning PF of 0.00 at dead-end nodes (P20, P21, P22).
Scenario I achieved PF ranges of -0.26 to 1.00 with PV at high load, -0.69 to 1.00 with PV at high voltage drop, and 0.95 to 1.00 with PV at high loss nodes. Scenario II produced similar ranges, -0.48 to 1.00, -1.00 to 0.99, and 0.30 to 0.96, with PV placement at high load, voltage drops, and loss nodes, respectively. Scenario III yielded ranges of -0.19 to 0.97 (high load), -0.23 to 1.00 (high voltage drop), and 0.86 to 0.96 (high losses).
The study concluded that the most effective strategy involves installing PVs at high-loss nodes and distributing SCs proportionally to the node's reactive power demand (Scenario I). This approach achieved a more uniform PF pattern throughout the network, highlighting the practical implications of strategic PV placement and targeted reactive power compensation for maintaining a healthy and efficient distribution system with solar PV integration.
This work considers a stationary simulation of pipeline fluid transport, in the presence of impurities and phase transitions. This simulation finds applications in diverse areas such as energy carrier transportation, including natural gas and hydrogen, as well as the efficient transport of carbon dioxide from emission sources to designated storage sites. Particularly for the transport of carbon dioxide, which is preferably carried out in a liquid or supercritical state, the accurate detection of phase transitions is of utmost importance. Additionally, evaluating the simulation precision based on the selected pipe subdivision is crucial for transporting fluids of any kind. Our implementation includes an algorithm that utilizes the Homogeneous Equilibrium Model and the GERG-2008 thermodynamic equation of state for phase transition detection. We have also developed an optimal pipe subdivision algorithm using empirical formulas derived from extensive numerical experiments. Rigorous testing of the algorithms has been conducted on realistic fluid transport scenarios, confirming their effectiveness in addressing the stated technical challenges.
Few mobile robot developers already test their software on simulated robots in virtual environments or sceneries. However, the majority still shy away from simulation-based test campaigns because it remains challenging to specify and execute suitable testing scenarios, that is, models of the environment and the robots’ tasks. Through developer interviews, we identified that managing the enormous variability of testing scenarios is a major barrier to the application of simulation-based testing in robotics. Furthermore, traditional CAD or 3D-modelling tools such as SolidWorks, 3ds Max, or Blender are not suitable for specifying sceneries that vary significantly and serve different testing objectives. For some testing campaigns, it is required that the scenery replicates the dynamic (e.g., opening doors) and static features of real-world environments, whereas for others, simplified scenery is sufficient. Similarly, the task and mission specifications used for simulation-based testing range from simple point-to-point navigation tasks to more elaborate tasks that require advanced deliberation and decision-making. We propose the concept of composable and executable scenarios and associated tooling to support developers in specifying, reusing, and executing scenarios for the simulation-based testing of robotic systems. Our approach differs from traditional approaches in that it offers a means of creating scenarios that allow the addition of new semantics (e.g., dynamic elements such as doors or varying task specifications) to existing models without altering them. Thus, we can systematically construct richer scenarios that remain manageable. We evaluated our approach in a small simulation-based testing campaign, with scenarios defined around the navigation stack of a mobile robot. The scenarios gradually increased in complexity, composing new features into the scenery of previous scenarios. Our evaluation demonstrated how our approach can facilitate the reuse of models and revealed the presence of errors in the configuration of the publicly available navigation stack of our SUT, which had gone unnoticed despite its frequent use.
The recent transformation of the energy sector brings new challenges in areas such as supply security, efficiency, and reliability. Especially the increase of decentralized power plants leads to a more complex energy system and an increasing complexity. This requires expansion and digitization of the power grid as well as an initiative-taking operation of the grid operator. To investigate such complex systems and its phenomena, modern development methods such as real-time simulation or digital twins (DT) can be used. In this approach a digital replica of the real-world system, a grid section, is developed, which can represent or predict the behavior of the real distribution grid. For this, a model of the real-world system is derived and implemented in a co-simulation environment, in which it receives data via an analyzer or measurement system from the grid model. This paper focuses on the development of the digital twin of a testing grid and a grid analyzer for the measurement. With the digital twin of the testing grid, a first approach is achieved in a real-time capable environment showing the functionalities and interactions of a digital twin. Subsequently the development of the digital twin model is explained, and the results are discussed.
This dataset contains questions and answers from an introductory computer science bachelor course on statistics and probability theory at Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg. The dataset includes three questions and a total of 90 answers, each evaluated using binary rubrics (yes/no) associated with specific scores.
This dataset contains multimodal data recorded on robots performing robot-to-human and human-to-robot handovers. The intended application of the dataset is to develop and benchmark methods for failure detection during the handovers. Thus the trials in the dataset contain both successful and failed handover actions. For a more detailed description of the dataset, please see the included Datasheet.
Highly varying process conditions drive polymers into nonequilibrium molecular conformations. This has direct implications for the resulting structural and mechanical properties. This study rigorously investigated processing-property relations from a microscopic perspective. The corresponding models use a mesoscale molecular dynamics (MD) approach. Different loading conditions, including uniaxial and biaxial stretching, along with various cooling conditions, were employed to mimic process conditions on the micro-scale. The resulting intricate interplay between equi-biaxial stretching, orientation, and crystallization behavior in long polyethylene chains was reviewed. The study reveals notable effects depending on different cooling and biaxial stretching procedures. The findings emphasize the significance of considering distributions and directions of chain ordering. Local inspections of trajectories unveil that crystal growth predominantly occurs in regions devoid of entanglements.
Open RAN: A Concise Overview
(2024)
Open RAN has emerged as a transformative approach in the evolution of cellular networks, addressing challenges posed by modern applications and high network density. By leveraging disaggregated, virtualized, and software-based elements interconnected through open standardized interfaces, Open RAN introduces agility, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced competition in the Radio Access Network (RAN) domain. The Open RAN paradigm, driven by the O-RAN Alliance specifications, is set to transform the telecom ecosystem. Despite extensive technical literature, there is a lack of succinct summaries for industry professionals, researchers, and policymakers. This paper addresses this gap by providing a concise, yet comprehensive overview of Open RAN. Compared to previous work, our approach introduces Open RAN by gradually splitting up different components known from previous RAN architectures. We believe that this approach leads to a better understanding for people already familiar with the general concept of mobile communication networks. Building upon this general understanding of Open RAN, we introduce key architectural principles, interfaces, components and use-cases. Moreover, this work investigates potential security implications associated with adopting Open RAN architecture, emphasizing the necessity of robust network protection measures.
Objectives: Despite the growing evidence regarding the influence of social factors on frailty in older adults, the effect of social support remains unclear. This study aims to assess the association between social support and frailty progression (transition and incidence) in a sample of community-dwelling older adults.
Methods: Using a cohort study design, 1,059 older adults from the Berlin Initiative Study were followed up for 2.1 years. Multinomial and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of social support using Oslo Social Support Scale-3 with frailty transition and incidence, respectively. Gender differences were explored using stratified analyses.
Results: At baseline, frailty prevalence in the study population [mean (SD) age 84.3 (5.6) years; 55.8% women] reached 33.1% with 47.0, 29.4 and 23.6% of the participants reporting moderate, strong and poor social support, respectively. Over the follow-up period, social support was not significantly associated with the frailty transition categories in the adjusted model. Conversely, the adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that participants with poor social support had twice the odds of becoming frail compared to those with strong social support (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.08–3.95). Gender-stratified analyses showed comparable estimates to the main analysis but were statistically non-significant.
Discussion: Our study results underpin the role of social factors in frailty incidence and highlight social support as a potential target for frailty-preventing interventions in older adults. Therefore, it is important to adopt a biopsychosocial model rather than a purely biomedical model to understand and holistically improve the health of community-dwelling older adults.
Vor dem Hintergrund ungleich aufgeteilter Care-Arbeit und des Gender Pay Gap wurden in der Bachelorarbeit Networking-Strategien kinderloser Frauen in großen Unternehmen untersucht im Hinblick auf die Fragestellung, wie sie sich in informelle Netzwerke im Arbeitsumfeld integrieren und diese für den beruflichen Erfolg nutzen. Die Studie basiert auf qualitativen Interviews mit Frauen zwischen 30 und 39 Jahren, die mit Bezug zur Etablierten-Außenseiter-Figuration von Norbert Elias analysiert wurden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass auch kinderlose Frauen die Möglichkeiten informeller Netzwerke kaum für berufliche Zwecke nutzen, sondern eher Aspekte wie Freundschaft und Geselligkeit im Vordergrund stehen. Die wichtigste Erkenntnis der Bachelorarbeit ist, dass die Nutzung eines Netzwerkes zum Zwecke der Karriereförderung sogar negativ gesehen wird, da junge Frauen um ihre berufliche Reputation und die Aberkennung ihrer Leistung fürchten, wenn sie strategische Netzwerke nutzen. Durch den Fokus der Forschung auf kinderlose Frauen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Hürden beim Networking auf stabile Machtdifferenzen zwischen Männern und Frauen zurückzuführen sind und nicht auf die Tatsache, ob sie Kinder haben.
The rapid progress in sensor technology has empowered smart home systems to efficiently monitor and control household appliances. AI-enabled smart home systems can forecast household future energy demand so that the occupants can revise their energy consumption plan and be aware of optimal energy consumption practices. However, deep learning (DL)-based demand forecasting models are complex and decisions from such black-box models are often considered opaque. Recently, eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has garnered substantial attention in explaining decisions of complex DL models. The primary objective is to enhance the acceptance, trust, and transparency of AI models by offering explanations about provided decisions. We propose ForecastExplainer, an explainable deep energy demand forecasting framework that leverages Deep Learning Important Features (DeepLIFT) to approximate Shapley values to map the contribution of different appliances and features with time. The generated explanations can shed light to explain the prediction highlighting the impact of energy consumption attributes corresponding to time, such as responsible appliances, consumption by household areas and activities, and seasonal effects. Experiments on household datasets demonstrated the effectiveness of our method in accurate forecasting. We designed a new metric to evaluate the effectiveness of the generated explanations and the experiment results indicate the comprehensibility of the explanations. These insights might empower users to optimize energy consumption practices, fostering AI adoption in smart applications.
Im neuen IHK-Zertifikatslehrgang „Ausbildung trifft Nachhaltigkeit“ erwerben die Teilnehmenden aus kaufmännischen Berufen umfangreiches Handlungswissen, das sie direkt im betrieblichen Alltag umsetzen können. Damit sind Ausbildende in der Lage, ein kompetenzorientiertes Nachhaltigkeitsprojekt zu konzipieren und es mit ihren Auszubildenden im Betrieb umzusetzen. Der modulare Lehrgang orientiert sich inhaltlich am Deutschen Nachhaltigkeitskodex (DNK). Ausbildende Fachkräfte sollen zudem für die neuen Standardberufsbildpositionen sensibilisiert werden. Nach erfolgreichem Abschluss können die Teilnehmenden das IHK-Zertifikat „Fachkraft Ausbildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung“ erhalten. Im Beitrag werden Chancen und Herausforderungen für den Transfer der Weiterbildung in die Strukturen der Bildungslandschaft der Industrie- und Handelskammern (IHK) erläutert.
Lebenslagen und Gemeinwohl
(2024)
Know-how im Forschungsdatenmanagement (FDM) aufzubauen und zu erhalten, ist eine grundlegende, stetig an Bedeutung zunehmende Aufgabe an Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW) (vgl. Buch et al. 2023). Dieses Know-how kommt Mitarbeitenden der FDM-Servicestellen einer Hochschule ebenso zugute wie Forschenden selbst: Es versetzt FDM-Personal in die Lage, Forschende zielführend zu beraten, zu schulen und ihnen adäquate Tools und Services zu vermitteln; Forschenden werden konkrete Lösungswege für (neuartige) praktische Herausforderungen in Forschungsvorhaben aufgezeigt. Beide Gruppen werden weiterhin befähigt, hochschulinterne und -übergreifende Diskurse und Initiativen zum FDM mitzugestalten. Auf diese Weise trägt FDM-Know-how dazu bei, anforderungsgerechte und gewinnbringende Rahmenbedingungen für Forschung an HAW zu schaffen.
Im gemeinsamen Handlungsfeld "Information und Sensibilisierung" haben es sich die Projektverbünde der Förderlinie FDMScouts.nrw zur Aufgabe gemacht, das gewonnene Handlungswissen in Form einer FDM-Wissensbasis strukturiert und frei zugänglich zu bewahren (vgl. Eilert/Slowig 2022), um die Weitergabe der gesammelten Erfahrungen auch über die Förderlaufzeit hinaus zu ermöglichen und vor allem andere HAW beim Aufbau von Know-how in den FDM-Servicestellen zu befähigen. Zweck der nun vorliegenden Wissensbasis ist es, den Zielgruppen der Beschäftigten in FDM-Servicestellen und der Forschenden den Einstieg ins Forschungsdatenmanagement zu erleichtern – gerade in Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass sich FDM-Strukturen an HAW vielfach noch in der Aufbau- oder Konsolidierungsphase befinden. Sie trägt dementsprechend solche Aspekte zusammen, die sich erfahrungsgemäß als besonders relevant erweisen: Was ist zwecks Orientierung im weitreichenden Feld FDM von besonderer Wichtigkeit (Begriffe, Einstiegsseiten, Umsetzungstipps etc.)? Welche Ressourcen und Anlaufstellen sind zentral? Welche Fragen stellen sich für Forschende und FDM-Personal immer wieder?
FDM-Wissen aufzubauen und zu vermitteln bedeutet, diese und ähnliche Fragen zu beantworten. In diesem Sinn dient das Format der Frequently Asked Questions als grundlegende Organisationsmethode der vorliegenden Wissensbasis. Als Verknüpfung häufig gestellter Fragen mit kompakten Antworten stellen die FAQs niedrigschwellig Wissen bereit und tragen im Idealfall durch ihre Interaktionsorientierung zur Gestaltung konkreter Kommunikationssituationen (Beratungsgespräche, Schulungen) bei. Als Einstiegspunkte dienen die einzelnen Phasen des Forschungsdatenlebenszyklus und die Fragen, die sie regelmäßig aufwerfen. Darunter finden Forschende und FDM-Servicepersonal Antworten, Informationen und Links, die Orientierung bieten und Umsetzungsschritte benennen. Als GitHub-Repository realisiert, ist die Möglichkeit zur dezentralen Aktualisierung und Erweiterung gegeben. Insgesamt leistet die Wissensbasis einen Beitrag zur Dokumentation der Arbeit der FDMScouts.nrw-Verbünde und soll die nachhaltige Verankerung von FDM an HAW unterstützen.
