Refine
H-BRS Bibliography
- yes (630) (remove)
Departments, institutes and facilities
- Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften (630) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (493)
- Part of a Book (56)
- Conference Object (42)
- Doctoral Thesis (18)
- Preprint (9)
- Book (monograph, edited volume) (6)
- Research Data (4)
- Contribution to a Periodical (1)
- Book review (1)
Year of publication
Language
- English (630) (remove)
Keywords
- GC/MS (13)
- Lignin (9)
- cytokine-induced killer cells (8)
- immunotherapy (7)
- lignin (7)
- stem cells (7)
- Chemometrics (6)
- drug release (6)
- Chromatography (5)
- Explosives (5)
- Gene expression (5)
- Organic aciduria (5)
- Polymers (5)
- biomaterial (5)
- osteogenesis (5)
- scaffolds (5)
- Analytical pyrolysis (4)
- Biomass (4)
- CD21 (4)
- Corrosion inhibitors (4)
- ENaC (4)
- Inborn error of metabolism (4)
- Ketolysis (4)
- Mass spectrometry (4)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- Regenerative medicine (4)
- Scaffolds (4)
- Tissue engineering (4)
- additive (4)
- angiogenesis (4)
- antioxidant (4)
- apoptosis (4)
- mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- organic aciduria (4)
- organosolv (4)
- pioglitazone (4)
- thiazolidinediones (4)
- tissue engineering (4)
- Antioxidant activity (3)
- Arthritis (3)
- Composites (3)
- Crystallinity (3)
- DNA damage (3)
- DNA typing (3)
- Dielectric analysis (3)
- Failure analysis (3)
- Glycine conjugation (3)
- Isovaleric acidemia (3)
- K/BxN (3)
- Ketogenesis (3)
- Ketone body (3)
- Malaria (3)
- Metabolic acidosis (3)
- Miscanthus (3)
- Molecular dynamics (3)
- NMR (3)
- Plasmodium (3)
- Primary long-chain alkyl amines (3)
- Pyrolysis (3)
- Raman spectroscopy (3)
- SERS (3)
- Stem cells (3)
- TD-GC/MS (3)
- alumina (3)
- autophagy (3)
- biomass (3)
- bone (3)
- bone tissue engineering (3)
- chemometrics (3)
- classification (3)
- cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells (3)
- differentiation (3)
- extraction (3)
- extremophiles (3)
- extrusion blow molding (3)
- hydrogel (3)
- insulin resistance (3)
- metabolic acidosis (3)
- poly(lactic acid) (3)
- preceramic paper (3)
- scaffold (3)
- shedding (3)
- type 2 diabetes (3)
- ultrapure water (3)
- 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (2)
- 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (2)
- ACAT1 (2)
- AOP (2)
- Additives (2)
- Adipose tissue (2)
- Aluminiumoxid (2)
- Aminoacylase (2)
- Analytical Chemistry (2)
- Analytics (2)
- Anoplophora glabripennis (2)
- Antimicrobial activity (2)
- Antioxidans (2)
- Automotive industry (2)
- B cell activation (2)
- Biomaterials (2)
- Biomineralization (2)
- Bone (2)
- CIK cells (2)
- Canavan disease (2)
- Cathepsin K (2)
- Classification (2)
- Complement receptor (2)
- Complement receptor 2/CD21 (2)
- Complex modulus (2)
- Cysteine proteases (2)
- DMA (2)
- DNA (2)
- DSC (2)
- Dental follicle (2)
- Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (2)
- Differentiation (2)
- Discriminant analysis (2)
- Enzyme activity (2)
- Extrusion blow molding (2)
- Fatty acid metabolism (2)
- Folin-Ciocalteu assay (2)
- GC-FID/NPD (2)
- GLYCTK (2)
- Glycine N-acyltransferase (2)
- Graphene (2)
- HIBADH (2)
- HIBADH deficiency (2)
- HMGCL (2)
- HPLC (2)
- Humans (2)
- Hyperspectral image (2)
- IR microspectroscopy (2)
- Ion viscosity (2)
- Ketone body utilization (2)
- Kinetics (2)
- Lignocellulose feedstock (2)
- Mars (2)
- Membrane Transport (2)
- Metabolic decompensation (2)
- Microorganisms (2)
- Miscanthus x giganteus (2)
- Mxi-2 (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- Nano-Systems (2)
- Organic acids (2)
- Osteogenesis (2)
- Oxidative stress (2)
- Polymorphism (2)
- Principal Components Analysis (2)
- Prognosis (2)
- Pten (2)
- Py-EGA-MS (2)
- R-ratio (2)
- Raman microscopy (2)
- Raman-microspectroscopy (2)
- Resins (2)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (2)
- SLC (2)
- Shedding (2)
- Short tandem repeat (STR) (2)
- Styrene (2)
- Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) (2)
- TOC (2)
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (2)
- UV (2)
- VOC (2)
- Whole genome amplification (2)
- active packaging (2)
- adhesion (2)
- aluminum bonding wire (2)
- antimicrobial activity (2)
- antioxidant activity (2)
- azadipeptide nitrile (2)
- bacteria (2)
- bio-based polymers (2)
- bioeconomy (2)
- blown film extrusion (2)
- bone regeneration (2)
- breast cancer (2)
- bulk detection (2)
- cardiovascular disease (2)
- cardiovascular risk (2)
- cell death (2)
- cell migration (2)
- coniferous woods (2)
- creep (2)
- cyanohydrazide warhead (2)
- cysteine proteases (2)
- d-Glycerate kinase deficiency (2)
- d-Glyceric aciduria (2)
- dielectric analysis (2)
- diffusion (2)
- discriminant analysis (2)
- essential oil (2)
- evolution (2)
- extraterrestrial analogue (2)
- extremophile (2)
- food waste (2)
- food-related bacteria (2)
- force generation (2)
- fruit quality (2)
- fungi (2)
- gas sensor (2)
- gas sensors (2)
- glimepiride (2)
- human cathepsins (2)
- identification (2)
- image fusion (2)
- improvised explosive devices (2)
- inborn error of metabolism (2)
- isoleucine (2)
- ketogenesis (2)
- ketolysis (2)
- ketone body (2)
- kraft lignin (2)
- leucine (2)
- library free detection (2)
- life detection (2)
- lifetime prediction (2)
- lignocellulose feedstock (2)
- low-input crops (2)
- mechanical properties (2)
- melanin (2)
- metabolic decompensation (2)
- migration (2)
- modeling (2)
- monolignol ratio (2)
- morphology (2)
- multivariate data processing (2)
- myosin (2)
- natural additives (2)
- nitrile inhibitors (2)
- osteoblast (2)
- osteoclast (2)
- ozonation (2)
- ozone (2)
- pansharpening (2)
- paper-derived ceramic (2)
- permeability (2)
- photolysis (2)
- photonic sensing (2)
- physical sensors (2)
- plant extracts (2)
- poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (2)
- polymers (2)
- polyphenols (2)
- power electronics (2)
- pressure sensitive adhesives (2)
- protease inhibitor (2)
- reaction kinetics (2)
- rheology (2)
- shelf life (2)
- small-scale fatigue testing (2)
- stem cell (2)
- stress response (2)
- structure (2)
- sulfonylurea (2)
- sustainable packaging (2)
- thermo-mechanical properties (2)
- total phenol content (2)
- transdermal therapeutic systems (2)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (2)
- (poly)saccharides (1)
- 1-MCP (1)
- 16S rRNA gene sequencing (1)
- 1H (1)
- 2B4 (1)
- 3-hydroxy-n-butyric acid (1)
- 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase deficiency (1)
- 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid dehydrogenase deficiency (1)
- 31P NMR (1)
- 3D activity landscapes (1)
- 3D-printing (1)
- 5-Oxoprolinase (1)
- 5-oxoprolinuria (1)
- ACacylcarnitines (1)
- ADP release (1)
- AMAtypical myopathy (1)
- AMT (1)
- APC superfamily (1)
- ASIC (1)
- ASPA (1)
- ASR (1)
- ATB0,+ (1)
- ATF4 (1)
- ATF6 (1)
- ATPase cycle (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abies nordmanniana (1)
- Abies procera (1)
- Abiotic stress (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (1)
- Acorns (1)
- Active site mapping (1)
- Activity-based probes (1)
- Acylpeptide hydrolase (1)
- Additiv (1)
- Adipogenesis (1)
- Adipogenic effect (1)
- Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (1)
- AdoMETDC (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Adult Stem Cells/physiology (1)
- Affinity proteomics (1)
- Age estimation (1)
- Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (1)
- Aglaonema hookerianum (1)
- Ago2 (1)
- Aloe vera (1)
- Alzheimer’s disease (1)
- Aminoacylase 1 (1)
- Amplifiers (1)
- Amylose stationary phases (1)
- Analytics Internship (1)
- Angiogenesis (1)
- Ankle Joint (1)
- Ankle thickness (1)
- Antarctic Polar Plateau (1)
- Antarctic ice sheet (1)
- Anti-inflammatory effects (1)
- Antibodies* (1)
- Antibody Induced Arthritis (1)
- Antidepressant (1)
- Antioxidant assays (1)
- Antioxidant capacity (1)
- Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (1)
- Anxiolytic (1)
- Apheresis therapy (1)
- Aphrodisiac effects (1)
- Apple replant disease (1)
- Area under the curve (1)
- Articular Cartilage (1)
- Aspartic acid racemization (1)
- Aspartoacylase (1)
- Assay development (1)
- Assay reproducibility (1)
- Asymmetric cell division (1)
- Atherosclerosis (1)
- Atlantic coast (1)
- AuNPs (1)
- Autism (1)
- Autoantibody (1)
- Automated Coating (1)
- Automated PyMS (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automotive Industry (1)
- Autophagy induction (1)
- B Defects (1)
- B Interfaces (1)
- B cells (1)
- B lymphocyte (1)
- BLAST (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacteria, Anaerobic (1)
- Bactericidal effect (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Basiswerkstoff (1)
- BcL-2 family (1)
- Bcl-2 (1)
- Beech wood (1)
- Benzoyl-coenzym A (1)
- Beta-ketothiolase (1)
- Beta-ketothiolase deficiency (1)
- Biaxiality (1)
- BioMark HD microfluidic system (1)
- Bioactive factors (1)
- Bioactivity (1)
- Bioaktive Verbindung (1)
- Bioaktivität (1)
- Bioassay (1)
- Biobased polymeric material (1)
- Biochemicals (1)
- Bioenergy (1)
- Biological databases (1)
- Biological therapy (1)
- Bioluminescence (1)
- Biomarkers stability (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Biomaterialien (1)
- Biophysics (1)
- Biopolymers (1)
- Biorefinery (1)
- Biosignatures (1)
- Blood glucose meter (1)
- Bond strength (1)
- Bone marrow-derived stem cells (1)
- Breast cancer (1)
- Bulk detection (1)
- Bulk fill (1)
- C-19 steroid (1)
- CD146 (1)
- CD30+ cells (1)
- CD40 (1)
- CD40, CTLA-4 (1)
- CDH1 (1)
- CDKN1B (1)
- CFTR inhibitors (1)
- CFTR mutations (1)
- CIK-Zellen (1)
- CR2 (1)
- CTNNB1 (1)
- CYP2C19 (1)
- CYP2C8 variants (1)
- CYP2C9 (1)
- CYP2D6 (1)
- Caffeine-containing drinks (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium Intracellular Release (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Camphorquinone (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Cannabinoids (1)
- Canola (1)
- Carbapenem (1)
- Carbon nanotubes (1)
- Carboxen-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1)
- Carboxy-terminal fragments (1)
- Cardiovascular Disease (1)
- Cartilage Destruction (1)
- Catalyst Ink (1)
- Catalyst Layer (1)
- Catechins (1)
- Cathepsin B (1)
- Cathepsin S (1)
- Cathepsins (1)
- Cavities (1)
- Cell Cycle (1)
- Cell Differentiation (1)
- Cell Differentiation/physiology (1)
- Cell Signaling (1)
- Cell activation (1)
- Cell lineage (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cellulose stationary phases (1)
- Central sensitisation (1)
- Cervical cancer screening (1)
- Cervicovaginal microbiome (1)
- Chaetocin (1)
- Charakterisierung (1)
- Chemical calculations (1)
- Chemical imaging (1)
- Chemical resource (1)
- Chemical structure (1)
- Chemicals (1)
- Chemometrie (1)
- Chemotherapy (1)
- Chiral stationary phases (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Christmas trees (1)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1)
- Cislunar (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collision induced dissociation (1)
- Colposcopy (1)
- Complement (1)
- Complement receptor 2 (1)
- Complement receptor 2 /CD21 (1)
- Composite resin (1)
- Compressive strength (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Corrosion protction (1)
- Coumarins (1)
- Crack formation (1)
- Cucumber peel waste (1)
- Curie-point pyrolysis (1)
- Curing behavior (1)
- Curing depth (1)
- Curing kinetics (1)
- Cytokine (1)
- Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells (1)
- D Multilayer (1)
- D Nickel alloy (1)
- D Zirconium oxide (1)
- DBSdried blot spots (1)
- DIDMOAD (1)
- DMFC (1)
- DNA Transcription (1)
- DNA double- strand breaks (1)
- DNA extraction protocols (1)
- DNA interaction (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA profile (1)
- DNA profiling (1)
- DOSY (1)
- Daptomycin (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Defense and security (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Degradation products (1)
- Degraded DNA (1)
- Degree of conversion (1)
- Dehydrogenase (1)
- Dental (1)
- Dental composites (1)
- Dental material (1)
- Dental resin (1)
- Depth Of Cure (1)
- Derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (1)
- Development (1)
- Diabetes (1)
- Dielectric analysis (DEA) (1)
- Differenzierung (1)
- Dimethacrylate (1)
- Diodes (1)
- Diselenide bridge (1)
- Docking (1)
- Draw ratio (1)
- Drug target (1)
- Dynamic mechanical analysis (1)
- Dystonia (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- E. coli (1)
- E/I balance (1)
- EIF-5A (1)
- EPS (1)
- ER stress (1)
- ERO1α (1)
- ESKAPEE pathogens (1)
- Ectodomain shedding (1)
- Effect of post-irradiation curing (1)
- Electrochemical cells (1)
- Electron beam physical vapor deposition (1)
- Elephantiasis (1)
- Elution (1)
- Enantioselective gas chromatography (1)
- Endoplasmatic reticulum (1)
- Endosomes (1)
- Endothelial cells (1)
- Endothelin-1 (1)
- Engineering plastics (1)
- Enzyme activity assays (1)
- Epilepsy (1)
- Epitope mapping: Epitope extraction (1)
- European horse chestnut (1)
- Eutectic Ti-Fe alloys (1)
- Evaluation of curing (1)
- ExoMars (1)
- Expanded polystyrene (EPS) (1)
- Extrusionsblasformen (1)
- FMR1 (1)
- FOXP3 (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Fabry disease (1)
- Familial glioma (1)
- Fatigue crack growth (1)
- Fe-ion radiation (1)
- Fertigation (1)
- Fiber reinforcement (1)
- Fiber-optic probe (1)
- Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) (1)
- Filler content (1)
- Fingerprint powder (1)
- Flow direction (1)
- Fluorescence-quenched substrates (1)
- Foaming (1)
- Folin–Ciocalteu assay (1)
- Food intolerance (1)
- Food packaging (1)
- Forensic genetics (1)
- Forensic genomics (1)
- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Fragile X Syndrome (1)
- Fructose (1)
- Furnace pyrolyzer (1)
- GC (1)
- GC-FID (1)
- GC–MS (1)
- GC–MSgas chromatography–mass spectrometry (1)
- GFRP (1)
- GMX1778 (1)
- Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) (1)
- Gas Chromatography (1)
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1)
- Gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (1)
- Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (1)
- Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (1)
- Gas sensors (1)
- Gas turbines (1)
- Gasturbinenschaufel (1)
- Gelatin Zymography (1)
- Gene Expression Regulation (1)
- Genes (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Geopolymer (1)
- Ghanaian children (1)
- Glutamin N-phenylacetyltransferase (1)
- Glutathione (1)
- Glutathione synthetase (1)
- Glycerate (1)
- Glyceric aciduria (1)
- Glycin N-acyltransferase (1)
- Glycine N-Acyltransferase (GLYAT) (1)
- Glycogen storage disease type (1)
- Glycopeptides (1)
- Glyzinkonjugation (1)
- Graft material (1)
- Green fluorescent protein (1)
- Growth (1)
- HPTLC (1)
- HPV diagnostic (1)
- HS SPME (1)
- HS SPME–GC/MS (1)
- HSD10 (1)
- HSP90 (1)
- HSQC NMR (1)
- Hands-On Learning/Manipulatives (1)
- Hard tissue (1)
- Hardness mapping (1)
- Harnstoffzyklusdefekt (1)
- Hazardous material detection (1)
- Headspace SPME (1)
- Health care policy (1)
- Heparanase (1)
- Heparin (1)
- Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) (1)
- High performance liquid chromatography (1)
- High performance liquid chromatography – mass-spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) (1)
- High speed tensile testing (1)
- High strain rate (1)
- High temperature deformation (1)
- High temperature laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Home made explosives (1)
- Homemade explosives (1)
- Homeobox (1)
- Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination Irreversible inhibition (1)
- Hydraulic cylinders (1)
- Hyperalgesia (1)
- Hyperammonemia (1)
- Hypoglycemia (1)
- Hypusine (1)
- ICP OES (1)
- IED (1)
- IR-microspectroscopy (1)
- IRE1 (1)
- Identification (1)
- Illegal Wildlife Trade (1)
- Immune escape (1)
- Immunoadsorption (1)
- Immunology* (1)
- Impedance spectroscopy (1)
- Improvised explosive devices (1)
- In silico epitope prediction (1)
- In silico modelling (1)
- Inborn errors of metabolism (1)
- Indentation techniques (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Infrared (1)
- Infrarot (1)
- Inherited metabolic disorders (1)
- Inhibitor (1)
- Instrumental analysis (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Insulin glulisine (1)
- Intact proinsulin (1)
- Interface (1)
- Introduction (1)
- Ion mobility (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Ionizing radiation (1)
- Irradiance Distribution (1)
- Irradiance distribution (1)
- Isoleucine (1)
- Isoleucine degradation (1)
- Isomers (1)
- Isotherms (1)
- Isovalerianazidämie (1)
- Joint Destruction (1)
- Juvenile arthritis (JA) (1)
- K/BxN mouse model (1)
- K/B×N model (1)
- Karl Fischer titration (1)
- Ketoacidosis (1)
- Ketogenic diet (1)
- Ketone body synthesis (1)
- Knoop micro-hardness (1)
- Kozak-sequence (1)
- Kraft lignin (1)
- Kriechen (1)
- Kunststoffverpackung (1)
- LC-HRMS (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LET (1)
- LFA-1 (1)
- LSPR (1)
- Laboratories and Demonstrations (1)
- Lamellae structure (1)
- Lanthanide luminescence (1)
- Laser drilling (1)
- Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-Beam Profiler (1)
- Lebensdauervorhersage (1)
- Lebensmittelverpackungen (1)
- Leg (1)
- LeuT (1)
- Leucine (1)
- Leucine degradation (1)
- Libido-booster (1)
- Ligand -Receptor Interactions* (1)
- Light Curing Units (1)
- Light attenuation (1)
- Light curing (1)
- Light curing units (1)
- Light limitation (1)
- Light measurement (1)
- Lignin-based composites (1)
- Linear viscoelasticity (1)
- Lineare Viskoelastizität (1)
- Linezolid (1)
- Lipoaspirate (1)
- Lipoaspirates (1)
- Liquid crystal (1)
- Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Local mechanical properties (1)
- Local process-dependent properties (1)
- Locomotion (1)
- Long-chain N-1-alkyl-1,3-propanediamines (1)
- Low-input crops (1)
- Lymphedema (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- Lysosomes (1)
- MADDMultiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (1)
- MALDI QIT TOF MS (1)
- MAP (1)
- MAPO (1)
- MCT (1)
- MICA/B (1)
- MMP-9 (1)
- MOCS1 (1)
- MOX gas sensors (1)
- MPV17 monoclonal antibody (1)
- MRPP (1)
- MS (1)
- MS/MS peptide sequencing (1)
- MSCs (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (1)
- Macrophages (1)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1)
- Mal d 1 (1)
- Malus domestica (1)
- Malus genotypes (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Mars environment (1)
- Mars exploration (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Mast cells (1)
- Materialverarbeitung (1)
- Matrix metalloproteases (1)
- Meat-associated Microorganisms (1)
- Mechanical properties of materials (1)
- Mechanische Prüfung (1)
- Mehrachsigkeit (1)
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/cytology (1)
- Mesenchymal stromal cells (1)
- Metabolicdecompensation (1)
- Metal oxide gas sensors (1)
- Metals (1)
- Method validation (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methyltransferase (1)
- Michael acceptors (1)
- Micro-mechanical properties (1)
- Microcirculation (1)
- Microindentation (1)
- Micromanipulation (1)
- Microplastics (1)
- Miscanthus nagara (1)
- Miscanthus robustus (1)
- Miscanthus sinensis (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (1)
- Mitochondrial apoptogens (1)
- Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) (1)
- Mitochondrial tRNA (1)
- Mobile explosive identification (1)
- Moco deficiency (1)
- Mold temperature (1)
- Molecular Dynamics (1)
- Molecular weight (1)
- Molybdenum cofactor (1)
- Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (1)
- Motion tracking (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Movement disorder (1)
- Multi-lineage differentiation (1)
- Multilineage potential (1)
- Multimodal hyperspectral data (1)
- Multivariate analysis (1)
- N-acetylaspartic acid (1)
- N-acylated amino acids (1)
- N-isovalerylglycine (1)
- NAI (1)
- NDVI (1)
- NFκB pathway (1)
- NGS (1)
- NKG2D (1)
- NLRP3 inflammasome (1)
- NSS family (1)
- Nadelhölzer (1)
- Nafion™ (1)
- Nano-systems (1)
- Nanofibers (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Native mass spectrometry (1)
- Naturkautschuk (1)
- Near-field synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (1)
- Neurometabolic disease (1)
- Neuropilin (1)
- Neuroprotective (1)
- Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) (1)
- Next generation sequencing (NGS) (1)
- Nickel-based superalloy (1)
- Nickelbasis-Superlegierung (1)
- Nitriles (1)
- Node involvement (1)
- Non-covalent interaction MS* (1)
- Non-destructive (1)
- Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (1)
- Nonlinear coefficient (1)
- O3/UV (1)
- OA, organic acids (1)
- OH-number (1)
- OXCT1 (1)
- Oak leaf poisoning (1)
- Off-target effects (1)
- Oligodendroglioma (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Orai1 (1)
- Organosolv (1)
- Organosolv lignin (1)
- Organosolv process (1)
- Orientation averaging (1)
- Orion (1)
- Osteogene Linie (1)
- Osteogenic differentiation (1)
- Osteogenic lineage (1)
- Ovarian cancer (1)
- Oxazolidinone antibiotics (1)
- P1 receptor (1)
- P2 receptor (1)
- P4 medicine (1)
- PCR inhibitors (1)
- PD-1/CTLA-4 (1)
- PDI (1)
- PEM electrolysis (1)
- PERK (1)
- PLASM (1)
- PLS-regression (1)
- PTHrP (1)
- PTR-MS (1)
- PTR-ToF (1)
- Packaging (1)
- Partial least squares regression (1)
- Partikelverarbeitung (1)
- Pathogenic Bacteria (1)
- Pattern recognition (1)
- Patterning (1)
- Paulownia (1)
- Peptidomimetic inhibitors (1)
- Permeation (1)
- Peroxisomes (1)
- Pervanadate (1)
- Pharmacogenetics (1)
- Phase II Reaktion (1)
- Phase II reaction (1)
- Phenolic acids (1)
- Phenylacetyl-coenzym A (1)
- Phenyls (1)
- Photoinitiator (1)
- Photopolymerization (1)
- Phycocyanin lyase (1)
- Physical sensors (1)
- Physiological stress responses in plants (1)
- Picea abies (1)
- Picea pungens (1)
- Plasmid DNA (pBR322) (1)
- Pleiotropic drug resistance (1)
- Poly(acrylonitrile-co-1,3-butadiene-co-styrene)/polyamide 6 (ABS/PA 6) blends (1)
- Polymer Chemistry (1)
- Polymers/copolymers (1)
- Polysaccharide derivatives (1)
- Portland cement (1)
- Post-prandial metabolism (1)
- Poultry (1)
- Poultry meat (1)
- Poultry spoilage (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Pressure-sensitive adhesive (1)
- Primary explosives (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Probabilistic methods (1)
- Programmed cell death (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promoter methylation (1)
- Propellants (1)
- Prostate cancer (1)
- Proteasome (1)
- Proteasome maturation (1)
- Protected cultivation (1)
- Protein complex analysis (1)
- Protein-protein interaction (1)
- Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Prunus avium L. (1)
- Präkeramische Papiere (1)
- Ps. fluorescens (1)
- Pulping (1)
- Purinergic signaling (1)
- Py-GC/MS (1)
- Py-MS (1)
- Pyrogallol (1)
- Pyroglutamic aciduria (1)
- Pyrolysis GC/MS (1)
- Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) (1)
- Pyrolysis-GC/FID (1)
- Pyrolysis-GC/MS (1)
- Pyrolysis-evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (1)
- Pyrolysis–GC/MS (1)
- Qualitative Analysis (1)
- Qualitative analysis (1)
- Quantification (1)
- Quasi equilibrium conditions (1)
- R751L (1)
- Radiation (1)
- Raman (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Raman and FTIR spectroscopies (1)
- Rapeseed pomace (1)
- Rapid method (1)
- Real-time measurement (1)
- Receptors, Purinergic P2 (1)
- Receptors, Purinergic/genetics/physiology (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Renewable resource (1)
- Research reproducibility and replicability (1)
- Resin based composite (1)
- Resin composite (1)
- Resin-based composites (1)
- Resource Planning (1)
- Ressource (1)
- Restorative composite (1)
- Reversible inhibition (1)
- RheoTack analysis (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rheology (1)
- Rheometer (1)
- Rosskastanie (1)
- Rubbers (1)
- S-sulfocysteine (1)
- SAM486A (1)
- SARS-COV-2 virus (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SCNN1D (1)
- SEC (1)
- SGN-35 (1)
- SHAP (1)
- SLC6 (1)
- SLC6A14 (1)
- SMBG (1)
- SNPSTR (1)
- SOS-LC (1)
- SOS-LUX test (1)
- SPME (1)
- STARLIFE project (1)
- STF-31 (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Safety and security (1)
- Sample digestion (1)
- Saponin (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (1)
- Schneeglöckchen (1)
- Schwindung (1)
- Sclera (1)
- Second-Year Undergraduate (1)
- Secondary compounds in plants (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Selenocysteine (1)
- Self-assembling (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Serine (1)
- Serine proteases (1)
- Sexual assault (1)
- Shear thickening (1)
- Shear viscosity (1)
- Silica gel (1)
- Silica-based nanobeads (1)
- Silicon Carbides (1)
- Silphium (1)
- Simulated sunlight (1)
- Sinapine (1)
- Single Lens Reflex Camera (1)
- Single sperm cells (1)
- Skin (1)
- Skin cells (1)
- Skin flakes (1)
- Soluble CD21 (1)
- Soluble CD23 (1)
- Solution chemistry (1)
- Space (1)
- Space radiation (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spectroscropy (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Sperm cells (1)
- Spermatozoa (1)
- Splicing (1)
- Spoilage (1)
- Spoilage bacteria (1)
- Sports doping (1)
- Sprouting (1)
- Stabilisator (1)
- Stabilization (1)
- Stabilizer (1)
- Stammzelle (1)
- Static stiffness (1)
- Statistical methods (1)
- Steinzeug (1)
- Stem cell (1)
- Stem cell differentiation (1)
- Stereoisomers (1)
- Steroidal saponin (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Storage modulus (1)
- Store-operated calcium entry (1)
- Strain stiffening (1)
- Stress analysis (1)
- Stress strain relation (1)
- Study Island (1)
- Substrate mapping (1)
- Substrate specificity (1)
- Sulfite oxidase (1)
- Sulfonamides (1)
- Superconductivity (1)
- Supervised classification (1)
- Support vector machines (1)
- Surfaces, interfaces and thin films (1)
- Surveillance (1)
- Survey (1)
- Suspension (1)
- Sympathetic reflexes (1)
- Synergie (1)
- Synovial fluid (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Systemic lupus erythomatosus (SLE) (1)
- TATP (1)
- TGA-FTIR (1)
- TGA-MS (1)
- TNT (1)
- TOF (1)
- Tap water (1)
- Targeted mass spectrometry (1)
- Telemedicine (1)
- Telogen hair (1)
- Temperaturgradienten (1)
- Template-mediation (1)
- Terbium(III) dipicolinic acid complex (1)
- Tetramerisation (1)
- Therapeutic antibodies* (1)
- Thermal barrier coating (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermal expansion (1)
- Thermochemical conversion (1)
- Thermodynamics (1)
- Thermoplastic polyurethanes (1)
- Thermormechanical fatigue/cycling (1)
- Thermoschockverhalten (1)
- Thiol antioxidants (1)
- Thyme (1)
- Thymian (1)
- TiO2-coatings (1)
- Time dependency (1)
- Time–kill methodology (1)
- Tinten (1)
- Tissue-specific promoters (1)
- Total phenol content (1)
- Transcription Regulation (1)
- Transcriptional targeting (1)
- Transdermal therapeutic system (1)
- Transformation products (1)
- Transgenic mice (1)
- Trapped radicals (1)
- Treatment (1)
- Truncated dhs (1)
- Type 2 diabetes (1)
- UPR signaling (1)
- UV absorbance (1)
- UV spectrum (1)
- UV-VIS (1)
- UV-vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ultimate coefficient of thermal expansion (1)
- Ultrafine microstructures (1)
- Ultrasonic studies (1)
- Unconjugated THC-COOH (1)
- Urea cycle defect (1)
- Urinary bladder (1)
- Urinary organic acids (1)
- Urine organic acid analysis (1)
- Urothione (1)
- Used engine oil (1)
- VOCs (1)
- Valproic acid (1)
- Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1)
- Vascular cells (1)
- Vascular grafts (1)
- Vascular permeability (1)
- Vasculature (1)
- Verzug (1)
- Vibrational microspectroscopy (1)
- Vickers hardness (1)
- Vim3 (1)
- Visceral afferents (1)
- Visceral lipid tissue (1)
- Visceral pain (1)
- Viscoelastic behavior (1)
- Visible light curing (1)
- Visible light curing resin (1)
- Visible light-curing (1)
- Vitamin A acetate isomers (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (1)
- Vulkanisation (1)
- WAXS (1)
- WZB117 (1)
- Weihnachtsbaum (1)
- Werkstoffmodellierung (1)
- Western blot (1)
- Whole genome amplification (WGA) (1)
- Whole-genome sequencing (1)
- Wild Type Mouse (1)
- Wildlife Forensics (1)
- Wireless sensor network (1)
- Wnt/β-catenin (1)
- Wolframin (1)
- Wärmedämmschicht (1)
- X Thermal barrier coating (1)
- X-STR (1)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) (1)
- XBP1 (1)
- XGBoost (1)
- XRD (1)
- Y-STR (1)
- Yeast (1)
- Yield stress (1)
- Young’s modulus (1)
- Zahnfollikel (1)
- Zytokin-induzierte Killerzellen (1)
- accelerated iron ions (1)
- accurate monitoring (1)
- acetoacetic acid (1)
- acetone (1)
- acidic ethanosolv (1)
- actin (1)
- actinometry (1)
- adhesion factor (1)
- adoptive cell transfer (1)
- adverse effects (1)
- aerogels (1)
- agarose (1)
- aircraft engine part (1)
- albuminuria (1)
- alkaline phosphatase (1)
- alkyl amines (1)
- allergenicity (1)
- allosteric communication (1)
- altered mitochondrial homeostasis (1)
- amelogenesis (1)
- amino acid transporter (1)
- amodiaquine (1)
- amorphous 2D polymer (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- anabolic (1)
- anaplastic lymphoma kinase (1)
- angiodiabetes (1)
- antibacterial (1)
- antibiotic prophylaxis (1)
- antibody–drug conjugate (1)
- antifungal (1)
- antioxidative capacity (1)
- antiradical activity (1)
- apple allergy (1)
- apple replant disease (ARD) (1)
- arthritis (1)
- ash (1)
- astrobiology (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- autism spectrum disorders (1)
- autohydrolysis (1)
- autoimmune disease (1)
- autologous bone graft (1)
- automated electrophysiology (1)
- automated sensor-screening (1)
- automatic measurement validation (1)
- automation of sample processing (1)
- automotive paint (1)
- automotive lever (1)
- autophagy signaling pathways (1)
- bagasse (1)
- basalt (1)
- bdelloid rotifer (1)
- beaching (1)
- behavior and cognition (1)
- benchtop (1)
- benzoyl-coA (1)
- beta-ketothiolase (1)
- bio-based (1)
- bio-chemicals (1)
- bio-innovation (1)
- bioactive factors (1)
- biobasiert (1)
- biochemical fingerprinting (1)
- biochemistry (1)
- biocomposite (1)
- bioenergy (1)
- biofilm removal (1)
- biofilm-related infections (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biomarker (1)
- biomarker profile (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomolecules (1)
- biopolymer (1)
- biopolymers (1)
- biorefineries (1)
- bio‐based (1)
- black fungi (1)
- blebbistatin (1)
- blood glucose meters (1)
- blood glucose monitoring device (1)
- blood vessel (1)
- blow molding (1)
- blown film (1)
- bone mineral density (1)
- bone remodeling (1)
- brain tumor (1)
- branched-chain amino acids (1)
- breast carcinoma (1)
- brightfield microscopy (1)
- brilliant green (1)
- built environment (1)
- bulk and local viscoelastic properties (1)
- bypass graft (1)
- cPMP (1)
- cabbage waste (1)
- calendering (1)
- cancer (1)
- cancer biomarker (1)
- cancer treatment (1)
- cannabidiol, immunotherapy (1)
- cardiodiabetes (1)
- cardiovascular replacement (1)
- cartilage (1)
- caspase (1)
- caspases (1)
- catabolic (1)
- catalysis (1)
- cell division (1)
- cell harvesting (1)
- cell viability (1)
- cellulose saccharification (1)
- cementogenesis (1)
- ceramic (1)
- ceramics (1)
- chaetocin (1)
- chain extender cross-linker (1)
- chain extenders cross-linker (1)
- chain extending cross-linker (1)
- chain-extending cross-linker (1)
- characterization (1)
- chemical pathology (1)
- chemosensing (1)
- chiral-nematic (1)
- chitosan (1)
- cholesteric liquid crystals (1)
- cholesteric phase (1)
- chromanones (1)
- chromatogram library (1)
- ciclopirox olamine (1)
- clear cell renal cell carcinoma (1)
- clear coat (1)
- clinical trials (1)
- coagulation (1)
- coaxial electrospinning (1)
- coefficient of thermal expansion (1)
- coffee ring effect (1)
- collagen (1)
- combination (1)
- combination of treatments (1)
- common variable immunodeficiency (1)
- components (1)
- composite materials (1)
- composites (1)
- compost disintegration (1)
- condensation (1)
- conditioned media (1)
- confocal fluorescence microscopy (1)
- contribution ratio (1)
- copolymers of methacrylic acid with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate macromonomers (1)
- core-sheath fibers (1)
- cosmic rays (1)
- cost optimization (1)
- cracks (1)
- creep compliance (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- crystal violet (1)
- crystallinity (1)
- cube in cube model (1)
- curing behavior (1)
- cysticfibrosis (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- data base search (1)
- data evaluation (1)
- decay classes (1)
- defects (1)
- deformation behavior (1)
- degraded DNA (1)
- degree of disintegration (1)
- delta-subunit (1)
- demethylation (1)
- dental implant (1)
- dental polymers (1)
- dental stem cells (1)
- dental stem cells immortalization (1)
- dentinogenesis (1)
- dentogenesis (1)
- dependability analysis (1)
- depolymerization (1)
- desert cyanobacteria (1)
- designer drugs (1)
- detaching (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diabetic dyslipidemia (1)
- diagnosis and management (1)
- dielectric analysis (DEA) (1)
- dielektrická analýza (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (1)
- disintegration kinetics (1)
- dissolved ozone (1)
- distribuce záření (1)
- distributed embedded computing system (1)
- draw ratio (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug detection (1)
- drug release materials (1)
- duty ratio (1)
- dyes (1)
- dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA) (1)
- eIF-5A (1)
- electroless copper deposition (1)
- electroretinography (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- elementary volume (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- endocytosis (1)
- endometrial carcinoma (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum stress (1)
- endothelial cell (1)
- endothelial cell differentiation (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- energy deposition (1)
- energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (1)
- engineering plastics (1)
- enzyme activity (1)
- epithelial sodium channel (1)
- epithelial transport (1)
- epitope mapping (1)
- ethacrynic acid (1)
- exon fusion (1)
- explosives (1)
- explosives detection (1)
- extra column band broadening (1)
- extraction-linked bias (1)
- failure analysis (1)
- fasentin (1)
- fatty acid metabolism (1)
- feature (1)
- fiber composites (1)
- fish gill (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flow direction (1)
- fluorinated salts (1)
- food contact material (1)
- food safety (1)
- force-retraction displacement-curve (1)
- forensic (1)
- forensic genetics (1)
- formulation (1)
- fotokompozit (1)
- fractional activity (1)
- fungal and bacterial amplicon sequencing (1)
- gas turbine blade (1)
- gene expression (1)
- generative manufacturing (1)
- genetic polymorphism (1)
- genomic data (1)
- genotype (1)
- geopolymer (1)
- geopolymer foam (1)
- glass fibers (1)
- glucocheck (1)
- glucose uptake inhibitor (1)
- glutamine N-phenylacetyltransferase (1)
- glycemic control (1)
- glycerol (1)
- greenhouse bio-test (1)
- growth factors (1)
- growth hormone (1)
- guidelines (1)
- habitability (1)
- halogen bonding (1)
- hard and soft tissue (1)
- hardness testing (1)
- harvest prediction (1)
- healthcare-associated infections (HAI) (1)
- heart protection (1)
- heat shock proteins (1)
- heat shock response (1)
- heat-transfer method (1)
- heavy ion particle (HZE) radations (1)
- helical drilling (1)
- helical twisting power (1)
- hepatocellular carcinoma (1)
- heterocyclic (1)
- heterozygous ALPL mutation (1)
- high diagnostic coverage and reliability (1)
- high dynamic range resistance readout (1)
- high-performance liquid chromatography (1)
- high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (1)
- high-throughput DNA sequencing (1)
- high-throughput qRT-PCR (1)
- high-throughput sequencing (1)
- histamine receptor (1)
- histamine receptor antagonist (1)
- histidine decarboxylase (1)
- histone deacetylase inhibitors (1)
- homemade explosives (1)
- homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) (1)
- horse chestnut (1)
- hospital environment (1)
- hospital-acquired infections (1)
- human cholinesterases (1)
- human microbiome (1)
- hydrogen bonding (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (1)
- hyperammonemia (1)
- hypertension (1)
- hypogammaglobulinemia (1)
- hypoglycemia (1)
- hypophosphatasia (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- iPS cells (1)
- iPSCs (1)
- iPad (1)
- immune checkpoint inhibition programmed cell death-1 (1)
- immunhistochemistry (1)
- immunology (1)
- impact monitoring (1)
- impact sensitivity (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- impregnation-reduction (1)
- increments of retention indices (1)
- individualized therapy (1)
- infection prevention (1)
- infectious disease (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- inherited metabolic disease (1)
- inorganic pyrophosphate (1)
- intact proinsulin (1)
- integrative Simulation (1)
- integrative simulation (1)
- interferon γ (1)
- internal drug exposure (1)
- intrinsic pathway (1)
- invasion (1)
- ion viscosity (1)
- ionic polymer metal (1)
- isoleucine metabolism (1)
- isothermal (1)
- keton bodies (1)
- ketone body synthesis (1)
- kinetika vytvrzování (1)
- klarzelliges Nierenzellkarzinom (1)
- layer-by-layer encapsulation (1)
- leishmaniasis (1)
- leucine degradation (1)
- life on Mars (1)
- life-detection (1)
- light distribution (1)
- lignin structure analysis (1)
- lignocellulose chemistry (1)
- lignocellulosic feedstock (1)
- lignocellulosic raw material (1)
- lignosulfonate (1)
- liquid chromatography (1)
- liquid crystal (1)
- liquid crystals (1)
- long interspersed nuclear element-1 (1)
- long-term storage (1)
- low detection limits (1)
- low molecular weight (1)
- low-level laser therapy (1)
- lung cancer (1)
- lymphoma (1)
- mTOR (1)
- major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) (1)
- massive parallel sequencing (1)
- material modelling (1)
- materials processing (1)
- maturity index (1)
- mechanical testing (1)
- mechanical thinning (1)
- melt fraction (1)
- melt interconnection (1)
- member D (NKG2D) (1)
- mesenchymal stem cell (1)
- mesogens (1)
- metabolic effects (1)
- metabolically active cells (1)
- metal nanoparticles (1)
- metal-oxide-semiconductor gas sensors (1)
- methylmalonic acidaemia (1)
- methylmalonic acidemia (1)
- miR-15 (1)
- miR-498 (1)
- micro processing (1)
- microbial community structure (1)
- microbial contamination (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbiome (1)
- microbiome analyses (1)
- microdialysis (1)
- microindentation (1)
- micromanipulation (1)
- microplastic (1)
- microsatellite instability (1)
- mitochondrial biogenesis (1)
- mixed-mode chromatography (1)
- modelling (1)
- mold temperature (1)
- molecular docking (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- molecular mass degradation (1)
- molecular motor (1)
- molecular pathology (1)
- molecular weight determination (1)
- molecule-surface interactions (1)
- monoamine oxidases (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- mouse model (1)
- multi-drug response (1)
- multiaxial stress state (1)
- multidimensional (1)
- multineurotarget agents (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multiple myeloma (MM) (1)
- multiresolution analysis (1)
- multivariate data analysis (1)
- multivariate statistical analysis (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- mutations (1)
- myogenesis (1)
- nachhaltig (1)
- nano structured gas sensors (1)
- nanobodies (1)
- nanocrystalline diamond (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanomedicine (1)
- nanostructured surfaces (1)
- natural fiber (1)
- natural killer group 2 (1)
- neoexpression (1)
- neuroendocrine (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- nitrogen dioxide (1)
- non-HDL-C and Cardiovascular disease (1)
- non-apoptotic roles (1)
- non-small cell lung cancer (1)
- non-woven fiber mats (1)
- nondestructive examination (1)
- nosocomial infections (1)
- nucleic acids (1)
- nutrient germinants (1)
- nutrigenetics (1)
- nutrigenomics (1)
- odontogenic cells (1)
- operando Raman spectroscopies (1)
- organic acid analysis (1)
- organoids (1)
- organosolv lignin (1)
- orthotropes prozessabhängiges Materialverhalten (1)
- orthotropic process-dependent material behavior (1)
- osteogenic potential (1)
- osteoporosis (1)
- outer space (1)
- oxalic acid (1)
- p27 (1)
- p53 (1)
- paediatric clinical genetics & dysmorphology (1)
- paediatric endocrinology (1)
- paediatric intensive & critical care (1)
- panspermia (1)
- papier-abgeleitete Keramiken (1)
- papierabgeleitete Keramik (1)
- partial melting (1)
- partial squares regression (1)
- particle processing (1)
- particulate composite (1)
- patent (1)
- pathogen control (1)
- pathogenic microorganisms (1)
- pathophysiology (1)
- peptide sequencing (1)
- perpendicular (1)
- personalized medicine (1)
- pharmacokinetics (1)
- phase II reaction (1)
- phenylacetyl-coA (1)
- phenylketonuria (1)
- phosphoethanolamine (1)
- photo-curing of polymers (1)
- photo-polymerization (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photostabiliser (1)
- phytoalexins (1)
- pigments (1)
- planetary protection (1)
- plastic pollution (1)
- poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (1)
- poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate macromonomers (1)
- polybutylene adipate terephthalate (1)
- polyelectrolytes (1)
- polylactic acid (1)
- polysaccharide (1)
- polytunnel (1)
- polyurethane coatings (1)
- porosity (1)
- porphyria (1)
- postmenopause (1)
- potentiometric sensors (1)
- power industry (1)
- power stroke (1)
- precision (1)
- pressure sensitive adhesive (1)
- primary airway epithelial cells (1)
- primates (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- prioritizable ranking (1)
- proanthocyanidins (1)
- probiotic cleaning (1)
- probiotic-based cleaning formulations (1)
- process parameters (1)
- process-induced morphology (1)
- process-induced structure (1)
- processing-structure-property relationship (1)
- project-specific cost profile (1)
- proliferation (1)
- propionic acidaemia (1)
- propionic acidemia (1)
- protected cultivation (1)
- protein microarray (1)
- proteomics (1)
- prototype apparatus (1)
- proximal tubule (1)
- präkeramisches Papier (1)
- pseudogene (1)
- purinergic receptor (1)
- purinergic receptors (1)
- pyridoxal phosphate (1)
- pyrolysis-GC (1)
- pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass-spectrometry (1)
- pyroplastic deformation (1)
- pyroplastic index (1)
- pyroplastische Verformung (1)
- pyroplastischer Index (1)
- qNMR (1)
- qPCR (1)
- quantitative RP-HPLC-DAD (1)
- quantitative RT-PCR (1)
- radiation (1)
- radioresistance (1)
- rating method (1)
- real-time PCR (1)
- recurrent ketoacidotic episodes (1)
- redundancy (1)
- regenerative medicine (1)
- relative density (1)
- release kinetics (1)
- renal cancer (1)
- renal cell carcinoma (1)
- renal tubular cells (1)
- resin for 3D-printing (1)
- resistance (1)
- ressources (1)
- restenosis (1)
- retinal degeneration (1)
- retraction speed dependency (1)
- rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- ring-size statistics (1)
- ripening (1)
- rodent (1)
- rodents (1)
- rosiglitazone (1)
- rubbers (1)
- sCD21 (1)
- safety measures (1)
- scanning tunnelling microscopy (1)
- scratch assay (1)
- screening (1)
- seed coat (1)
- selectivity tuning (1)
- self-assembled monolayers (1)
- self-monitoring BG (1)
- semiconducting metal oxide gas sensor array (1)
- semiconductors (1)
- sensitize (1)
- sensor array (1)
- sensory characterisation (1)
- sequencing (1)
- sexual assault (1)
- short tandem repeat (1)
- short tandem repeat (STR) (1)
- short-range correlation (1)
- shrinkage (1)
- single-domain antibody (1)
- single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA (1)
- sintering (1)
- sirtuins (1)
- size exclusion chromatography (1)
- skin cancer (1)
- slope based signature (1)
- smooth muscle cell (1)
- smooth muscle cell differentiation (1)
- snowdrop (1)
- sodium alginate (1)
- sodium self-inhibition (1)
- soil properties (1)
- soil sickness (1)
- sol-gel support (1)
- solute carrier (1)
- solvent exchange (1)
- space radiation environment (1)
- sperm cell (1)
- spore resistance (1)
- sporegermination (1)
- stabilisation (1)
- stabiliser (1)
- stationary phase (1)
- staurosporine (1)
- steady-state concentration (1)
- stem cell niche (1)
- stent (1)
- stoneware (1)
- stress analysis (1)
- structural biology (1)
- structural coloration (1)
- structure prediction (1)
- substance aging (1)
- superalloys (1)
- supercritical drying (1)
- superficially porous particles (1)
- supramolecular liquid crystals (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface sanitization (1)
- surfaces (1)
- surrogate endpoint (1)
- survival (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustainable (1)
- sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) (1)
- sweet sorghum (1)
- switchgear station (1)
- synergism (1)
- synergistic effect (1)
- synthetic sapphire (1)
- system lay-out (1)
- system optimization (1)
- systemic response (1)
- tRNA processing (1)
- tack (1)
- temperature influence (1)
- templates (1)
- temporomandibular joint (1)
- therapy (1)
- thermal barrier coating (1)
- thermal gradient (1)
- thermal insulation material (1)
- thermal insulation materials (1)
- thermal shock behaviour (1)
- thermo-mechanical fatigue (1)
- thermochemical conversion (1)
- thermogravimetric analysis (1)
- thermomechanical fatigue/cycling (1)
- thermomechanische Ermüdung (1)
- thermophoresis (1)
- thermosensing (1)
- thin film (1)
- tiglyglycine (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- total phenolic content (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transient kinetics (1)
- transient receptor potential vanilloid Type 2 (1)
- triacetone triperoxide (1)
- triacetone triperoxides (1)
- triiodothyronine (1)
- triphenylmethane dyes (1)
- tumor diagnosis (1)
- tunable pitch (1)
- tunable sheet resistance (1)
- tungsten oxide (1)
- tungsten oxides (1)
- tvrdost (1)
- two-electrode voltage clamp (1)
- ultrashort pulse laser (1)
- unfolded protein response (1)
- unfolded protein response (UPR) (1)
- urea cycle defect (1)
- valine catabolic pathway (1)
- valine degradation (1)
- van Deemter curve (1)
- viscoelastic properties (1)
- visible light curing resin based composites (1)
- viskoelastické vlastnosti (1)
- volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing (1)
- volatile organic compounds (1)
- vytvrzování světlem (1)
- warpage (1)
- water-to-land transition (1)
- wearable technology (1)
- whole genome amplification (WGA) (1)
- whole-tooth regeneration (1)
- woody debris (1)
- wound healing assay (1)
- yield (1)
- yin-yang effect (1)
- zona pellucida protein 2 ZP2 (1)
- µCT (1)
- ß-OHB (1)
- ß-hydroxybutyrate (1)
- β-amino acids (1)
- β-catenin (1)
- β-catenin expression (1)
- β-cell dysfunction (1)
- β-cells (1)
- γ-glutamyl cycle (1)
- σ1 and σ2 receptors (1)
Hydrogen‐Bonded Cholesteric Liquid Crystals—A Modular Approach Toward Responsive Photonic Materials
(2022)
A supramolecular approach for photonic materials based on hydrogen-bonded cholesteric liquid crystals is presented. The modular toolbox of low-molecular-weight hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors provides a simple route toward liquid crystalline materials with tailor-made thermal and photonic properties. Initial studies reveal broad application potential of the liquid crystalline thin films for chemo- and thermosensing. The chemosensing performance is based on the interruption of the intermolecular forces between the donor and acceptor moieties by interference with halogen-bond donors. Future studies will expand the scope of analytes and sensing in aqueous media. In addition, the implementation of the reported materials in additive manufacturing and printed photonic devices is planned.
(1) Background: Autologous bone is supposed to contain vital cells that might improve the osseointegration of dental implants. The aim of this study was to investigate particulate and filtered bone chips collected during oral surgery intervention with respect to their osteogenic potential and the extent of microbial contamination to evaluate its usefulness for jawbone reconstruction prior to implant placement. (2) Methods: Cortical and cortical-cancellous bone chip samples of 84 patients were collected. The stem cell character of outgrowing cells was characterized by expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105, followed by osteogenic differentiation. The degree of bacterial contamination was determined by Gram staining, catalase and oxidase tests and tests to evaluate the genera of the found bacteria (3) Results: Pre-surgical antibiotic treatment of the patients significantly increased viability of the collected bone chip cells. No significant difference in plasticity was observed between cells isolated from the cortical and cortical-cancellous bone chip samples. Thus, both types of bone tissue can be used for jawbone reconstruction. The osteogenic differentiation was independent of the quantity and quality of the detected microorganisms, which comprise the most common bacteria in the oral cavity. (4) Discussion: This study shows that the quality of bone chip-derived stem cells is independent of the donor site and the extent of present common microorganisms, highlighting autologous bone tissue, assessable without additional surgical intervention for the patient, as a useful material for dental implantology.
Therapeutic Treatments for Osteoporosis-Which Combination of Pills Is the Best among the Bad?
(2022)
Osteoporosis is a chronical, systemic skeletal disorder characterized by an increase in bone resorption, which leads to reduced bone density. The reduction in bone mineral density and therefore low bone mass results in an increased risk of fractures. Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance in the normally strictly regulated bone homeostasis. This imbalance is caused by overactive bone-resorbing osteoclasts, while bone-synthesizing osteoblasts do not compensate for this. In this review, the mechanism is presented, underlined by in vitro and animal models to investigate this imbalance as well as the current status of clinical trials. Furthermore, new therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis are presented, such as anabolic treatments and catabolic treatments and treatments using biomaterials and biomolecules. Another focus is on new combination therapies with multiple drugs which are currently considered more beneficial for the treatment of osteoporosis than monotherapies. Taken together, this review starts with an overview and ends with the newest approaches for osteoporosis therapies and a future perspective not presented so far.
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a target for the treatment of osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone metastasis. Peptidomimetics with a cyanohydrazide warhead represent a new class of highly potent CatK inhibitors; however, their binding mechanism is unknown. We investigated two model cyanohydrazide inhibitors with differently positioned warheads: an azadipeptide nitrile Gü1303 and a 3-cyano-3-aza-β-amino acid Gü2602. Crystal structures of their covalent complexes were determined with mature CatK as well as a zymogen-like activation intermediate of CatK. Binding mode analysis, together with quantum chemical calculations, revealed that the extraordinary picomolar potency of Gü2602 is entropically favoured by its conformational flexibility at the nonprimed-primed subsites boundary. Furthermore, we demonstrated by live cell imaging that cyanohydrazides effectively target mature CatK in osteosarcoma cells. Cyanohydrazides also suppressed the maturation of CatK by inhibiting the autoactivation of the CatK zymogen. Our results provide structural insights for the rational design of cyanohydrazide inhibitors of CatK as potential drugs.
The white ground crater by the Phiale Painter (450–440 BC) exhibited in the “Pietro Griffo” Archaeological Museum in Agrigento (Italy) depicts two scenes from Perseus myth. The vase is of utmost importance to archaeologists because the figures are drawn on a white background with remarkable daintiness and attention to detail. Notwithstanding the white ground ceramics being well documented from an archaeological and historical point of view, doubts concerning the compositions of pigments and binders and the production technique are still unsolved. This kind of vase is a valuable rarity, the use of which is documented in elitist funeral rituals. The study aims to investigate the constituent materials and the execution technique of this magnificent crater. The investigation was carried out using non-destructive and non-invasive techniques in situ. Portable X-ray fluorescence and Fourier-transform total reflection infrared spectroscopy complemented the use of visible and ultraviolet light photography to get an overview and specific information on the vase. The XRF data were used to produce false colour maps showing the location of the various elements detected, using the program SmART_scan. The use of gypsum as the material for the white ground is an important result that deserves to be further investigated in similar vases.
There is an unmet need for the development and validation of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints for clinical trials in propionic acidemia (PA) and methylmalonic acidemia (MMA). This review examines the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of PA and MMA that could form the basis for potential biomarkers and surrogate endpoints. Changes in primary metabolites such as methylcitric acid (MCA), MCA:citric acid ratio, oxidation of 13C-propionate (exhaled 13CO2), and propionylcarnitine (C3) have demonstrated clinical relevance in patients with PA or MMA. Methylmalonic acid, another primary metabolite, is a potential biomarker, but only in patients with MMA. Other potential biomarkers in patients with either PA and MMA include secondary metabolites, such as ammonium, or the mitochondrial disease marker, fibroblast growth factor 21. Additional research is needed to validate these biomarkers as surrogate endpoints, and to determine whether other metabolites or markers of organ damage could also be useful biomarkers for clinical trials of investigational drug treatments in patients with PA or MMA. This review examines the evidence supporting a variety of possible biomarkers for drug development in propionic and methylmalonic acidemias.
A main factor hampering life in space is represented by high atomic number nuclei and energy (HZE) ions that constitute about 1% of the galactic cosmic rays. In the frame of the “STARLIFE” project, we accessed the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator (HIMAC) facility of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) in Chiba, Japan. By means of this facility, the extremophilic species Haloterrigena hispanica and Parageobacillus thermantarcticus were irradiated with high LET ions (i.e., Fe, Ar, and He ions) at doses corresponding to long permanence in the space environment. The survivability of HZE-treated cells depended upon either the storage time and the hydration state during irradiation; indeed, dry samples were shown to be more resistant than hydrated ones. With particular regard to spores of the species P. thermantarcticus, they were the most resistant to irradiation in a water medium: an analysis of the changes in their biochemical fingerprinting during irradiation showed that, below the survivability threshold, the spores undergo to a germination-like process, while for higher doses, inactivation takes place as a consequence of the concomitant release of the core’s content and a loss of integrity of the main cellular components. Overall, the results reported here suggest that the selected extremophilic microorganisms could serve as biological model for space simulation and/or real space condition exposure, since they showed good resistance to ionizing radiation exposure and were able to resume cellular growth after long-term storage.
Polymer fibers with liquid crystals (LCs) in the core have potential as autonomous sensors of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with a high surface-to-volume ratio enabling fast and sensitive response and an attractive non-woven textile form factor. We demonstrate their ability to continuously and quantitatively measure the concentration of toluene, cyclohexane, and isopropanol as representative VOCs, via the impact of each VOC on the LC birefringence. The response is fully reversible and repeatable over several cycles, the response time can be as low as seconds, and high sensitivity is achieved when the operating temperature is near the LC-isotropic transition temperature. We propose that a broad operating temperature range can be realized by combining fibers with different LC mixtures, yielding autonomous VOC sensors suitable for integration in apparel or in furniture that can compete with existing consumer-grade electronic VOC sensors in terms of sensitivity and response speed.
Background: Atypical myopathy (AM), an acquired multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) in horses, induce changes in mitochondrial metabolism. Only few veterinary laboratories offer diagnostic testing for this disease. Inborn and acquired MADD exist in humans, therefore determination of organic acids (OA) in urine and acylcarnitines (AC) in blood by assays available in medical laboratories can serve as AM diagnostics. The evolution of OA and AC profiles in surviving horses is unreported.
Methods: AC profiles using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and OA in urine using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were determined in dried blot spots (DBS, n = 7) and urine samples (n = 5) of horses with AM (n = 7) at disease presentation and in longitudinal samples from 3/4 survivors and compared to DBS (n = 16) and urine samples (n = 7) from control horses using the Wilcoxon test.
Results: All short- (C2-C5) and medium-chain (C6-C12) AC in blood differed significantly (p < 0.008) between horses with AM and controls, except for C5:1 (p = 0.45) and C5OH + C4DC (p = 0.06). In AM survivors the AC concentrations decreased over time but were still partially elevated after 7 days. 14/62 (23%) of OA differed significantly between horses with AM and control horses. Concentrations of ethylmalonic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid and the acylglycines (butyryl-, valeryl-, and hexanoylglycine) were highly elevated in the urine of all horses with AM at the day of disease presentation. In AM survivors, concentrations of those metabolites were initially lower and decreased during remission to approach normalization after 7 days.
Conclusion: OA and AC profiling by specialized human medical laboratories was used to diagnose AM in horses. Elevation of specific metabolites were still evident several days after disease presentation, allowing diagnosis via analysis of samples from convalescent animals.
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a heterotrimeric ion channel that plays a key role in sodium and water homeostasis in tetrapod vertebrates. In the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, hormonally controlled ENaC expression matches dietary sodium intake to its excretion. Furthermore, ENaC mediates sodium absorption across the epithelia of the colon, sweat ducts, reproductive tract, and lung. ENaC is a constitutively active ion channel and its expression, membrane abundance, and open probability (PO) are controlled by multiple intracellular and extracellular mediators and mechanisms [9]. Aberrant ENaC regulation is associated with severe human diseases, including hypertension, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary edema, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, and nephrotic syndrome [9].
Background: Staurosporine-dependent single and collective cell migration patterns of breast carcinoma cells MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and SK-BR-3 were analysed to characterise the presence of drug-dependent migration promoting and inhibiting yin-yang effects. Methods: Migration patterns of various breast cancer cells after staurosporine treatment were investigated using Western blot, cell toxicity assays, single and collective cell migration assays, and video time-lapse. Statistical analyses were performed with Kruskal–Wallis and Fligner–Killeen tests. Results: Application of staurosporine induced the migration of single MCF-7 cells but inhibited collective cell migration. With the exception of low-density SK-BR-3 cells, staurosporine induced the generation of immobile flattened giant cells. Video time-lapse analysis revealed that within the borderline of cell collectives, staurosporine reduced the velocity of individual MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3, but not of MCF-7 cells. In individual MCF-7 cells, mainly the directionality of migration became disturbed, which led to an increased migration rate parallel to the borderline, and hereby to an inhibition of the migration of the cell collective as a total. Moreover, the application of staurosporine led to a transient activation of ERK1/2 in all cell lines. Conclusion: Dependent on the context (single versus collective cells), a drug may induce opposite effects in the same cell line.
The synthesis and characterization of a new class of 1,2,4-oxadiazolylpyridinium as a cationic scaffold for fluorinated ionic liquid crystals is herein described. A series of 12 fluorinated heterocyclic salts based on a 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety, connected through its C(5) or C(3) to an N-alkylpyridinium unit and a perfluoroheptyl chain, differing in the length of the alkyl chain and counterions, has been synthesized. As counterions iodide, bromide and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide have been considered. The synthesis, structure, and liquid crystalline properties of these compounds are discussed on the basis of the tuned structural variables. The thermotropic properties of this series of salts have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. The results showed the existence of an enantiotropic mesomorphic smectic liquid crystalline phase for six bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide salts.
The molecular weight properties of lignins are one of the key elements that need to be analyzed for a successful industrial application of these promising biopolymers. In this study, the use of 1H NMR as well as diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY NMR), combined with multivariate regression methods, was investigated for the determination of the molecular weight (Mw and Mn) and the polydispersity of organosolv lignins (n = 53, Miscanthus x giganteus, Paulownia tomentosa, and Silphium perfoliatum). The suitability of the models was demonstrated by cross validation (CV) as well as by an independent validation set of samples from different biomass origins (beech wood and wheat straw). CV errors of ca. 7–9 and 14–16% were achieved for all parameters with the models from the 1H NMR spectra and the DOSY NMR data, respectively. The prediction errors for the validation samples were in a similar range for the partial least squares model from the 1H NMR data and for a multiple linear regression using the DOSY NMR data. The results indicate the usefulness of NMR measurements combined with multivariate regression methods as a potential alternative to more time-consuming methods such as gel permeation chromatography.
Intimate swabs taken for examination in sexual assault cases typically yield mixtures of sperm and epithelial cell types. While powerful, differential extraction protocols to overcome such cell type mixtures by separate lysis of epithelial cells and spermatozoa can still prove ineffective, in particular if only few sperm cells are present or if swabs contain sperm from more than one individual leading to complex low level DNA mixtures. A means to avoid such mixtures consists in the analysis of single micromanipulated sperm cells. However, the quantity of DNA from single sperm cells is not sufficient for conventional STR analysis. Here, we describe a simple method for micromanipulating individual sperm cells from intimate swabs and show that whole genome amplification can generate sufficient amounts of DNA from single cells for subsequent DNA profiling. We recovered over 80% of alleles of haploid autosomal STR profiles from the majority of individual sperm cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in mixtures of sperm from two contributors, Y-STR and X-STR profiles of individual sperm cells can be used to sort the haploid autosomal profiles to develop the diploid consensus STR profiles of the individual donors. Finally, by analysing single sperm cells from mock sexual assault swabs with one or two sperm donors, we showed that our protocols enabled the identification of the unknown male contributors.
Different analyses and feasibility studies have been conducted on the plant extracts of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), European horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana), and snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii) to evaluate bio‐based alternatives to common petrol‐based stabilisers. For this purpose, in this study, plant extracts were incorporated into poly‐lactic acid films (PLA) at different concentrations. The films’ UV absorbance and migration into packed food was analysed via photometric assays (ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity assay, β‐carotene assay) and GC–MS analysis. Furthermore, the synergistic antioxidant effects of various combinations of extracts and isolated active compounds were determined. This way, antioxidant effects can be increased, allowing for a highly effective use of resources. All extracts were successfully incorporated into PLA films and showed notable photoabsorbing effects, while no migration risk was observed. Depending on extract combinations, high synergistic effects of up to 726% can be utilised to improve the effectiveness of bio‐based extracts. This applies particularly to tomato paste and Aesculus hippocastanum extracts, which overall show high synergistic and antioxidant effects in combination with each other and with isolated active compounds. The study shows that it is possible to create safe bio‐based antioxidant films which show even improved properties when using highlighted target combinations.
The ability to discriminate between different ionic species, termed ion selectivity, is a key feature of ion channels and forms the basis for their physiological function. Members of the degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) superfamily of trimeric ion channels are typically sodium selective, but to a surprisingly variable degree. While acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are weakly sodium selective (sodium:potassium ratio ∼10:1), ENaCs show a remarkably high preference for sodium over potassium (>500:1). This discrepancy may be expected to originate from differences in the pore-lining second transmembrane segment (M2). However, these show a relatively high degree of sequence conservation between ASICs and ENaCs, and previous functional and structural studies could not unequivocally establish that differences in M2 alone can account for the disparate degrees of ion selectivity. By contrast, surprisingly little is known about the contributions of the first transmembrane segment (M1) and the preceding pre-M1 region. In this study, we used conventional and noncanonical amino acid-based mutagenesis in combination with a variety of electrophysiological approaches to show that the pre-M1 and M1 regions of mASIC1a channels are major determinants of ion selectivity. Mutational investigations of the corresponding regions in hENaC show that these regions contribute less to ion selectivity, despite affecting ion conductance. In conclusion, our work suggests that the remarkably different degrees of sodium selectivity in ASICs and ENaCs are achieved through different mechanisms. These results further highlight how M1 and pre-M1 are likely to differentially affect pore structure in these related channels.
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are an ex vivo expanded heterogeneous cell population with an enriched NK-T phenotype (CD3+CD56+). Due to the convenient and relatively inexpensive expansion capability, together with low incidence of graft versus host disease (GVHD) in allogeneic cancer patients, CIK cells are a promising candidate for immunotherapy. It is well known that natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) plays an important role in CIK cell-mediated antitumor activity; however, it remains unclear whether its engagement alone is sufficient or if it requires additional co-stimulatory signals to activate the CIK cells. Likewise, the role of 2B4 has not yet been identified in CIK cells. Herein, we investigated the individual and cumulative contribution of NKG2D and 2B4 in the activation of CIK cells. Our analysis suggests that (a) NKG2D (not 2B4) is implicated in CIK cell (especially CD3+CD56+ subset)-mediated cytotoxicity, IFN-γ secretion, E/T conjugate formation, and degranulation; (b) NKG2D alone is adequate enough to induce degranulation, IFN-γ secretion, and LFA-1 activation in CIK cells, while 2B4 only provides limited synergy with NKG2D (e.g., in LFA-1 activation); and (c) NKG2D was unable to costimulate CD3. Collectively, we conclude that NKG2D engagement alone suffices to activate CIK cells, thereby strengthening the idea that targeting the NKG2D axis is a promising approach to improve CIK cell therapy for cancer patients. Furthermore, CIK cells exhibit similarities to classical invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells with deficiencies in 2B4 stimulation and in the costimulation of CD3 with NKG2D. In addition, based on the current data, the divergence in receptor function between CIK cells and NK (or T) cells can be assumed, pointing to the possibility that molecular modifications (e.g., using chimeric antigen receptor technology) on CIK cells may need to be customized and optimized to maximize their functional potential.
This study investigates the effects of four multifunctional chain-extending cross-linkers (CECL) on the processability, mechanical performance, and structure of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends produced using film blowing technology. The newly developed reference compound (M·VERA® B5029) and the CECL modified blends are characterized with respect to the initial properties and the corresponding properties after aging at 50 °C for 1 and 2 months. The tensile strength, seal strength, and melt volume rate (MVR) are markedly changed after thermal aging, whereas the storage modulus, elongation at the break, and tear resistance remain constant. The degradation of the polymer chains and crosslinking with increased and decreased MVR, respectively, is examined thoroughly with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with the results indicating that the CECL-modified blends do not generally endure thermo-oxidation over time. Further, DSC measurements of 25 µm and 100 µm films reveal that film blowing pronouncedly changes the structures of the compounds. These findings are also confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis, with the conclusion that tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite barely affects the glass transition temperature, while with the other changes in CECL are seen. Cross-linking is found for aromatic polycarbodiimide and poly(4,4-dicyclohexylmethanecarbodiimide) CECL after melting of granules and films, although overall the most synergetic effect of the CECL is shown by 1,3-phenylenebisoxazoline.
Aim: To understand how transcriptional factors Pdr1 and Pdr3, belonging to the pleiotropic drug resistance system, are activated, and regulated after introducing chemical toxins to the cell in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Methods: Series of molecular methods were applied using different strains of S. cerevisiae over-expressing proteins of interest as a eukaryotic cell model. The chemical stress introduced to the cell is represented by menadione. Results were obtained performing protein detection and analysis. Additionally, the regulation of the DNA binding of the transcriptional activators after stimulation is quantified using chromatin immunoprecipitation, employing epitope-tagged factors and real-time qPCR.
Results: Our results indicated higher expression levels of the Pdr1 transcriptional factor, compared to its homologous Pdr3 after treatment with menadione. The yeast-cell defence system was tested against various organic solvents to exclude the possibility of their presence potentially affecting the results. The results indicate that Pdr1 is most abundant after 30 minutes from the beginning of the treatment, compared with 240 minutes after the treatment when the function of the transcription factor is faded. It appears that Pdr1 binding to the PDR5 and SNQ2 promoters, which are both activated by Pdr1, peaks around the same time, or more precisely after 40 minutes from the start of the treatment.
Conclusion: The tendency of Pdr1 reduction after its activation by menadione is detected. One possibility is that Pdr1, after recognizing the xenobiotic menadione, is removed by a degradation mechanism. Given the fact that Pdr1 directly binds the xenobiotic molecule, its destruction might help the cells to remove toxic levels of menadione. It is possible that overexpressing the part of Pdr1 which recognizes menadione alone was sufficient to detoxify and hence produce a tolerance towards menadione.
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a key role in salt and water homeostasis in tetrapod vertebrates. There are four ENaC subunits (α, β, γ, δ), forming heterotrimeric αβγ- or δβγ-ENaCs. While the physiology of αβγ-ENaC is well understood, for decades the field has stalled with respect to δβγ-ENaC due to the lack of mammalian model organisms. The SCNN1D gene coding for δ-ENaC was previously believed to be absent in rodents, hindering studies using standard laboratory animals. We analysed all currently available rodent genomes and discovered that SCNN1D is present in rodents but was independently lost in five rodent lineages, including the Muridae (mice and rats). The independent loss of SCNN1D in rodent lineages may be constrained by phylogeny and taxon-specific adaptation to dry habitats, however habitat aridity does not provide a selection pressure for maintenance of SCNN1D across Rodentia. A fusion of two exons coding for a structurally flexible region in the extracellular domain of δ-ENaC appeared in the Hystricognathi (a group that includes guinea pigs). This conserved pattern evolved at least 41 Ma ago and represents a new autapomorphic feature for this clade. Exon fusion does not impair functionality of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) δβγ-ENaC expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Electrophysiological characterisation at the whole-cell and single-channel level revealed conserved biophysical features and mechanisms controlling guinea pig αβγ- and δβγ-ENaC function as compared to human orthologues. Guinea pigs therefore represent commercially available mammalian model animals that will help shed light on the physiological function of δ-ENaC.
Because the robust and rapid determination of spoilage microorganisms is becoming increasingly important in industry, the use of IR microspectroscopy, and the establishment of robust and versatile chemometric models for data processing and classification, is gaining importance. To further improve the chemometric models, bacterial stress responses were induced, to study the effect on the IR spectra and to improve the chemometric model. Thus, in this work, nine important food-relevant microorganisms were subjected to eight stress conditions, besides the regular culturing as a reference. Spectral changes compared to normal growth conditions without stressors were found in the spectral regions of 900–1500 cm−1 and 1500–1700 cm−1. These differences might stem from changes in the protein secondary structure, exopolymer production, and concentration of nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. As a result, a model for the discrimination of the studied microorganisms at the genus, species and strain level was established, with an accuracy of 96.6%. This was achieved despite the inclusion of various stress conditions and times after incubation of the bacteria. In addition, a model was developed for each individual microorganism, to separate each stress condition or regular treatment with 100% accuracy.
Simultaneous determination of selected catechins and pyrogallol in deer intoxications by HPLC-MS/MS
(2021)
The ability to discriminate between different ionic species, termed ion selectivity, is a key feature of ion channels and forms the basis for their physiological function. Members of the degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) superfamily of trimeric ion channels are typically sodium selective, but to a surprisingly variable degree. While acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are weakly sodium selective (sodium:potassium around 10:1), ENaCs show a remarkably high preference for sodium over potassium (>500:1). The most obvious explanation for this discrepancy may be expected to originate from differences in the pore-lining second transmembrane segment (M2). However, these show a relatively high degree of sequence conservation between ASICs and ENaCs and previous functional and structural studies could not unequivocally establish that differences in M2 alone can account for the disparate degrees of ion selectivity. By contrast, surprisingly little is known about the contributions of the first transmembrane segment (M1) and the preceding pre-M1 region. In this study, we use conventional and non-canonical amino acid-based mutagenesis in combination with a variety of electrophysiological approaches to show that the pre-M1 and M1 regions of mASIC1a channels are major determinants of ion selectivity. Mutational investigations of the corresponding regions in hENaC show that they contribute less to ion selectivity, despite affecting ion conductance. In conclusion, our work supports the notion that the remarkably different degrees of sodium selectivity in ASICs and ENaCs are achieved through different mechanisms. The results further highlight how M1 and pre-M1 are likely to differentially affect pore structure in these related channels.
The modern concept of the evolution of Mars assumes that life could potentially have originated on the planet Mars, possibly during the end of the late heavy bombardment, and could then be transferred to other planets. Since then, physical and chemical conditions on Mars changed and now strongly limit the presence of terrestrial-like life forms. These adverse conditions include scarcity of liquid water (although brine solutions may exist), low temperature and atmospheric pressure, and cosmic radiation. Ionizing radiation is very important among these life-constraining factors because it damages DNA and other cellular components, particularly in liquid conditions where radiation-induced reactive oxidants diffuse freely. Here, we investigated the impact of high doses (up to 2 kGy) of densely-ionizing (197.6 keV/µm), space-relevant iron ions (corresponding on the irradiation that reach the uppermost layer of the Mars subsurface) on the survival of an extremophilic terrestrial organism-Cryomyces antarcticus-in liquid medium and under atmospheric conditions, through different techniques. Results showed that it survived in a metabolically active state when subjected to high doses of Fe ions and was able to repair eventual DNA damages. It implies that some terrestrial life forms can withstand prolonged exposure to space-relevant ion radiation.
3-Hydroxyisobutyrate Dehydrogenase (HIBADH) deficiency - a novel disorder of valine metabolism
(2021)
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (3HiB) is an intermediate in the degradation of the branched-chain amino acid valine. Disorders in valine degradation can lead to 3HiB accumulation and its excretion in the urine. This article describes the first two patients with a new metabolic disorder, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (HIBADH) deficiency, its phenotype and its treatment with a low-valine diet. The detected mutation in the HIBADH gene leads to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of the mutant allele and to a complete loss-of-function of the enzyme. Under strict adherence to a low-valine diet a rapid decrease of 3HiB excretion in the urine was observed. Due to limited patient numbers and intrafamilial differences in phenotype with one affected and one unaffected individual, the clinical phenotype of HIBADH deficiency needs further evaluation.
Dental stem cells have been isolated from the medical waste of various dental tissues. They have been characterized by numerous markers, which are evaluated herein and differentiated into multiple cell types. They can also be used to generate cell lines and iPSCs for long-term in vitro research. Methods for utilizing these stem cells including cellular systems such as organoids or cell sheets, cell-free systems such as exosomes, and scaffold-based approaches with and without drug release concepts are reported in this review and presented with new pictures for clarification. These in vitro applications can be deployed in disease modeling and subsequent pharmaceutical research and also pave the way for tissue regeneration. The main focus herein is on the potential of dental stem cells for hard tissue regeneration, especially bone, by evaluating their potential for osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and the regulation of these two processes by growth factors and environmental stimulators. Current in vitro and in vivo publications show numerous benefits of using dental stem cells for research purposes and hard tissue regeneration. However, only a few clinical trials currently exist. The goal of this review is to pinpoint this imbalance and encourage scientists to pick up this research and proceed one step further to translation.
The promotion of sustainable packaging is part of the European Green Deal and plays a key role in the EU’s social and political strategy. One option is the use of renewable resources and biomass waste as raw materials for polymer production. Lignocellulose biomass from annual and perennial industrial crops and agricultural residues are a major source of polysaccharides, proteins, and lignin and can also be used to obtain plant-based extracts and essential oils. Therefore, these biomasses are considered as potential substitute for fossil-based resources. Here, the status quo of bio-based polymers is discussed and evaluated in terms of properties related to packaging applications such as gas and water vapor permeability as well as mechanical properties. So far, their practical use is still restricted due to lower performance in fundamental packaging functions that directly influence food quality and safety, the length of shelf life, and thus the amount of food waste. Besides bio-based polymers, this review focuses on plant extracts as active packaging agents. Incorporating extracts of herbs, flowers, trees, and their fruits is inevitable to achieve desired material properties that are capable to prolong the food shelf life. Finally, the adoption potential of packaging based on polymers from renewable resources is discussed from a bioeconomy perspective.
The promotion of sustainable packaging is part of the European Green Deal and plays a key role in the EU’s social and political strategy. One option is the use of renewable resources and biomass waste as raw materials for polymer production. Lignocellulose biomass from annual and perennial industrial crops and agricultural residues are a major source of polysaccharides, proteins, and lignin, and can also be used to obtain plant-based extracts and essential oils. Therefore, these biomasses are considered as potential substitute for fossil-based resources. Here, the status quo of bio-based polymers is discussed and evaluated in terms of properties related to packaging applications such as gas and water vapor permeability as well as mechanical properties. So far, their practical use is still restricted due to lower performance in fundamental packaging functions that directly influence food quality and safety, the length of shelf life and thus the amount of food waste. Besides bio-based polymers, this review focuses on plant extracts as active packaging agents. Incorporating extracts of herbs, flowers, trees, and their fruits is inevitable to achieve desired material properties that are capable to prolong the food shelf life. Finally, the adoption potential of packaging based on polymers from renewable resources is discussed from a bioeconomy perspective.
The genetic basis of brain tumor development is poorly understood. Here, leukocyte DNA of 21 patients from 15 families with ≥ 2 glioma cases each was analyzed by whole-genome or targeted sequencing. As a result, we identified two families with rare germline variants, p.(A592T) or p.(A817V), in the E-cadherin gene CDH1 that co-segregate with the tumor phenotype, consisting primarily of oligodendrogliomas, WHO grade II/III, IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted (ODs). Rare CDH1 variants, previously shown to predispose to gastric and breast cancer, were significantly overrepresented in these glioma families (13.3%) versus controls (1.7%). In 68 individuals from 28 gastric cancer families with pathogenic CDH1 germline variants, brain tumors, including a pituitary adenoma, were observed in three cases (4.4%), a significantly higher prevalence than in the general population (0.2%). Furthermore, rare CDH1 variants were identified in tumor DNA of 6/99 (6%) ODs. CDH1 expression was detected in undifferentiated and differentiating oligodendroglial cells isolated from rat brain. Functional studies using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in or stably transfected cell models demonstrated that the identified CDH1 germline variants affect cell membrane expression, cell migration and aggregation. E-cadherin ectodomain containing variant p.(A592T) had an increased intramolecular flexibility in a molecular dynamics simulation model. E-cadherin harboring intracellular variant p.(A817V) showed reduced β-catenin binding resulting in increased cytosolic and nuclear β-catenin levels reverted by treatment with the MAPK interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 inhibitor CGP 57380. Our data provide evidence for a role of deactivating CDH1 variants in the risk and tumorigenesis of neuroepithelial and epithelial brain tumors, particularly ODs, possibly via WNT/β-catenin signaling.
The solvent exchange as one of the most important steps during the manufacturing process of organic aerogels was investigated. This step is crucial as a preparatory step for the supercritical drying, since the pore solvent must be soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide to enable solvent extraction. The development and subsequent optimization of a suitable system with a peristaltic pump for automatic solvent exchange proved to be a suitable approach. In addition, the influence of zeolites on the acceleration of the process was found to be beneficial. To investigate the process, the water content in acetone was determined at different times using Karl Fischer titration. The shrinkage, densities, as well as the surface areas of the aerogels were analyzed. Based on these, the influence of various process parameters on the final structure of the obtained aerogels was investigated and evaluated. Modeling on diffusion in porous materials completes this study.
The analysis of used engine oils from industrial engines enables the study of engine wear and oil degradation in order to evaluate the necessity of oil changes. As the matrix composition of an engine oil strongly depends on its intended application, meaningful diagnostic oil analyses bear considerable challenges. Owing to the broad spectrum of available oil matrices, we have evaluated the applicability of using an internal standard and/or preceding sample digestion for elemental analysis of used engine oils via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES). Elements originating from both wear particles and additives as well as particle size influence could be clearly recognized by their distinct digestion behaviour. While a precise determination of most wear elements can be achieved in oily matrix, the measurement of additives is performed preferably after sample digestion. Considering a dataset of physicochemical parameters and elemental composition for several hundred used engine oils, we have further investigated the feasibility of predicting the identity and overall condition of an unknown combustion engine using the machine learning system XGBoost. A maximum accuracy of 89.6% in predicting the engine type was achieved, a mean error of less than 10% of the observed timeframe in predicting the oil running time and even less than 4% for the total engine running time, based purely on common oil check data. Furthermore, obstacles and possibilities to improve the performance of the machine learning models were analysed and the factors that enabled the prediction were explored with SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP). Our results demonstrate that both the identification of an unknown engine as well as a lifetime assessment can be performed for a first estimation of the actual sample without requiring meticulous documentation.
Our study shows ZP2 to be a new biomarker for diagnosis, best used in combination with other low abundant genes in colon cancer. Furthermore, ZP2 promotes cell proliferation via the ERK1/2-cyclinD1-signaling pathway. We demonstrate that ZP2 mRNA is expressed in a low-abundant manner with high specificity in subsets of cancer cell lines representing different cancer subtypes and also in a significant proportion of primary colon cancers. The potential benefit of ZP2 as a biomarker is discussed. In the second part of our study, the function of ZP2 in cancerogenesis has been analyzed. Since ZP2 shows an enhanced transcript level in colon cancer cells, siRNA experiments have been performed to verify the potential role of ZP2 in cell proliferation. Based on these data, ZP2 might serve as a new target molecule for cancer diagnosis and treatment in respective cancer types such as colon cancer.
Fabry disease (FD) is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder. Deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha‐galactosidase (GLA) leads to accumulation of potentially toxic globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on a multisystem level. Cardiac and cerebrovascular abnormalities as well as progressive renal failure are severe, life‐threatening long‐term complications. The complete pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in FD and the role of tubular involvement for its progression are unclear.
We established human renal tubular epithelial cell lines from the urine of male FD patients and male controls. The renal tubular system is rich in mitochondria and involved in transport processes at high energy costs. Our studies revealed fragmented mitochondria with disrupted cristae structure in FD patient cells. Oxidative stress levels were elevated and oxidative phosphorylation was up‐regulated in FD pointing at enhanced energetic needs. Mitochondrial homeostasis and energy metabolism revealed major changes as evidenced by differences in mitochondrial number, energy production and fuel consumption. The changes were accompanied by activation of the autophagy machinery in FD. Sirtuin1, an important sensor of (renal) metabolic stress and modifier of different defense pathways, was highly expressed in FD.
Our data show that lysosomal FD impairs mitochondrial function and results in severe disturbance of mitochondrial energy metabolism in renal cells. This insight on a tissue‐specific level points to new therapeutic targets which might enhance treatment efficacy.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
(2021)
DNA Sequencing
(2021)
Isolation of DNA and RNA
(2021)
Isolated methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA) and propionic acidaemia (PA) are rare inherited metabolic diseases. Six years ago, a detailed evaluation of the available evidence on diagnosis and management of these disorders has been published for the first time. The article received considerable attention, illustrating the importance of an expert panel to evaluate and compile recommendations to guide rare disease patient care. Since that time, a growing body of evidence on transplant outcomes in MMA and PA patients and use of precursor free amino acid mixtures allows for updates of the guidelines. In this article, we aim to incorporate this newly published knowledge and provide a revised version of the guidelines. The analysis was performed by a panel of multidisciplinary health care experts, who followed an updated guideline development methodology (GRADE). Hence, the full body of evidence up until autumn 2019 was re‐evaluated, analysed and graded. As a result, 21 updated recommendations were compiled in a more concise paper with a focus on the existing evidence to enable well‐informed decisions in the context of MMA and PA patient care.
As a low-input crop, Miscanthus offers numerous advantages that, in addition to agricultural applications, permits its exploitation for energy, fuel, and material production. Depending on the Miscanthus genotype, season, and harvest time as well as plant component (leaf versus stem), correlations between structure and properties of the corresponding isolated lignins differ. Here, a comparative study is presented between lignins isolated from M. x giganteus, M. sinensis, M. robustus and M. nagara using a catalyst-free organosolv pulping process. The lignins from different plant constituents are also compared regarding their similarities and differences regarding monolignol ratio and important linkages. Results showed that the plant genotype has the weakest influence on monolignol content and interunit linkages. In contrast, structural differences are more significant among lignins of different harvest time and/or season. Analyses were performed using fast and simple methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Data was assigned to four different linkages (A: β-O-4 linkage, B: phenylcoumaran, C: resinol, D: β-unsaturated ester). In conclusion, A content is particularly high in leaf-derived lignins at just under 70% and significantly lower in stem and mixture lignins at around 60% and almost 65%. The second most common linkage pattern is D in all isolated lignins, the proportion of which is also strongly dependent on the crop portion. Both stem and mixture lignins, have a relatively high share of approximately 20% or more (maximum is M. sinensis Sin2 with over 30%). In the leaf-derived lignins, the proportions are significantly lower on average. Stem samples should be chosen if the highest possible lignin content is desired, specifically from the M. x giganteus genotype, which revealed lignin contents up to 27%. Due to the better frost resistance and higher stem stability, M. nagara offers some advantages compared to M. x giganteus. Miscanthus crops are shown to be very attractive lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) for second generation biorefineries and lignin generation in Europe.
New sustainable, environmentally friendly materials for thermal insulation of buildings are necessary to reduce their carbon footprints. In this study, Miscanthus fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites, foamed with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were developed using fly ash as a geopolymer precursor. The effects of fiber content, fiber size, curing temperature, foaming agent content, fumed silica specific surface area and fumed silica content on thermal conductivity and compressive strength were evaluated using a Plackett-Burman design of experiment. Furthermore, the microstructure of geopolymer composites was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The measured characteristic values were in the following ranges: Thermal conductivity 0.057 W (m K)−1 to 0.127 W (m K)−1, compressive strength 0.007 MPa–0.719 MPa and porosity 49 vol% to 76 vol%. The results reveal an enhancement of thermal conductivity by elevated fiber size and foaming agent content. In contrast, the compressive strength is enhanced by high fiber content. Additionally, SEM images indicate a good interaction between the fibers and the geopolymer matrix, because nearly the whole fiber surface is covered by the geopolymer.
A series of reactive binaphthyl‐diimine‐based dopants is prepared and investigated with respect to their potential for the chiral induction of structural coloration in nematic liquid crystal mixture E7 and the selective photonic sensing of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Studies of the helical twisting power (HTP) in 4‐cyano‐4′‐pentylbiphenyl (5CB) reveal HTP values as high as 375 µm‐1 and the tremendous impact of structural compatibility and changes of the dihedral binaphthyl angle on the efficiency of the chiral transfer. Detailed investigation of the sensing capabilities of the systems reveals an extraordinarily high selectivity for NO2 and a response to concentrations as low as 100 ppm. The systems show a direct response to the analyte gas leading to a concentration‐dependent shift of the reflectance wavelength of up to several hundred nanometers. Incorporation of copper ions remarkably improves the sensor's properties in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the tailored tweaking of the system's properties.
In thyroid carcinoma cells, the soluble βgalactosidespecific lectin, galectin3, is extra and intracellularly expressed and plays a significant role in thyroid cancer diagnosis. The functional relevance of this molecule, particularly in its extracellular environment however, warrants further elucidation. To gain insight into this topic, the present study characterized principal functional properties of galectin3 in 3 commonly used thyroid carcinoma cell lines (BCPAP, Cal62 and FTC133) that express the molecule intra and extracellulary. Cellintrinsic galectin3 harbors a functional carbohydrate recognition domain as determined by affinity purification. Moreover, cell surface expressed galectin3 can be partially removed by treatment with lactose or asialofetuin, but not with sucrose. Thyroid carcinoma cells adhere to substratebound galectin3 in a βgalactosidespecific manner, whereby only cell adhesion, but not cell migration is promoted. Thus, thyroid tumor cells harbor functional active galectin3 that, inter alia, specifically interacts with cell surfaceexpressed molecular ligands in a βgalactosidedependent manner, whereby the molecule can at least interfere with cell adhesion. The modulation of galectin3 expression level or its ligands in such tumor cells could be of therapeutic interest and needs further experimental clarification.
Due to the use of fossil fuel resources, many environmental problems have been increasingly growing. Thus, the recent research focuses on the use of environment friendly materials from sustainable feedstocks for future fuels, chemicals, fibers and polymers. Lignocellulosic biomass has become the raw material of choice for these new materials. Recently, the research has focused on using lignin as a substitute material in many industrial applications. The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. DPPH assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of Kraft lignin compared to Organosolv lignins from different biomasses. The purification procedure of Kraft lignin showed that double-fold selective extraction is the most efficient confirmed by UV-Vis, FTIR, HSQC, 31PNMR, SEC, and XRD. The antioxidant capacity was discussed regarding the biomass source, pulping process, and degree of purification. Lignin obtained from industrial black liquor are compared with beech wood samples: Biomass source influences the DPPH inhibition (softwood > grass) and the TPC (softwood < grass). DPPH inhibition affected by the polarity of the extraction solvent. Following the trend: ethanol > diethylether > acetone. Reduced polydispersity has positive influence on the DPPH inhibition. Storage decreased the DPPH inhibition but increased the TPC values. The DPPH assay was also used to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. In both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the highest addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source; Organosolv of softwood > Kraft of softwood > Organosolv of grass. Lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0-7 °C). Purification of Kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin leaching in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against food spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5% addition exhibited activity against both food spoilage bacteria.
The actomyosin system generates mechanical work with the execution of the power stroke, an ATP-driven, two-step rotational swing of the myosin-neck that occurs post ATP hydrolysis during the transition from weakly to strongly actin-bound myosin states concomitant with Pi release and prior to ADP dissociation. The activating role of actin on product release and force generation is well documented; however, the communication paths associated with weak-to-strong transitions are poorly characterized. With the aid of mutant analyses based on kinetic investigations and simulations, we identified the W-helix as an important hub coupling the structural changes of switch elements during ATP hydrolysis to temporally controlled interactions with actin that are passed to the central transducer and converter. Disturbing the W-helix/transducer pathway increased actin-activated ATP turnover and reduced motor performance as a consequence of prolonged duration of the strongly actin-attached states. Actin-triggered Pi release was accelerated, while ADP release considerably decelerated, both limiting maximum ATPase, thus transforming myosin-2 into a high-duty-ratio motor. This kinetic signature of the mutant allowed us to define the fractional occupancies of intermediate states during the ATPase cycle providing evidence that myosin populates a cleft-closure state of strong actin interaction during the weak-to-strong transition with bound hydrolysis products before accomplishing the power stroke.
Cysticfibrosis (CF) arises from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, resulting in progressiveand life-limiting respiratory disease. R751L is a rare CFTR mutation that is poorly characterized. Our aims were to describe theclinical and molecular phenotypes associated with R751L. Relevant clinical data were collected from three heterozygote individu-als harboring R751L (2 patients with G551D/R751L and 1 with F508del/R751L). Assessment of R751L-CFTR function was made inprimary human bronchial epithelial cultures (HBEs) andXenopusoocytes. Molecular properties of R751L-CFTR were investigatedin the presence of known CFTR modulators. Although sweat chloride was elevated in all three patients, the clinical phenotypeassociated with R751L was mild. Chloride secretion in F508del/R751L HBEs was reduced compared with non-CF HBEs and asso-ciated with a reduction in sodium absorption by the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). However, R751L-CFTR function inXenopusoocytes, together with folding and cell surface transport of R751L-CFTR, was not different from wild-type CFTR. Overall,R751L-CFTR was associated with reduced sodium chloride absorption but had functional properties similar to wild-type CFTR.This is thefirst report of R751L-CFTR that combines clinical phenotype with characterization of functional and biological proper-ties of the mutant channel. Our work will build upon existing knowledge of mutations within this region of CFTR and, importantly,inform approaches for clinical management. Elevated sweat chloride and reduced chloride secretion in HBEs may be due to al-ternative non-CFTR factors, which require further investigation.
Among the celestial bodies in the Solar System, Mars currently represents the main target for the search for life beyond Earth. However, its surface is constantly exposed to high doses of cosmic rays (CRs) that may pose a threat to any biological system. For this reason, investigations into the limits of resistance of life to space relevant radiation is fundamental to speculate on the chance of finding extraterrestrial organisms on Mars. In the present work, as part of the STARLIFE project, the responses of dried colonies of the black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus Culture Collection of Fungi from Extreme Environments (CCFEE) 515 to the exposure to accelerated iron (LET: 200 keV/μm) ions, which mimic part of CRs spectrum, were investigated. Samples were exposed to the iron ions up to 1000 Gy in the presence of Martian regolith analogues. Our results showed an extraordinary resistance of the fungus in terms of survival, recovery of metabolic activity and DNA integrity. These experiments give new insights into the survival probability of possible terrestrial-like life forms on the present or past Martian surface and shallow subsurface environments.
The simultaneous operation of multiple different semiconducting metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors is demanding for the readout circuitry. The challenge results from the strongly varying signal intensities of the various sensor types to the target gas. While some sensors change their resistance only slightly, other types can react with a resistive change over a range of several decades. Therefore, a suitable readout circuit has to be able to capture all these resistive variations, requiring it to have a very large dynamic range. This work presents a compact embedded system that provides a full, high range input interface (readout and heater management) for MOX sensor operation. The system is modular and consists of a central mainboard that holds up to eight sensor-modules, each capable of supporting up to two MOX sensors, therefore supporting a total maximum of 16 different sensors. Its wide input range is archived using the resistance-to-time measurement method. The system is solely built with commercial off-the-shelf components and tested over a range spanning from 100Ω to 5 GΩ (9.7 decades) with an average measurement error of 0.27% and a maximum error of 2.11%. The heater management uses a well-tested power-circuit and supports multiple modes of operation, hence enabling the system to be used in highly automated measurement applications. The experimental part of this work presents the results of an exemplary screening of 16 sensors, which was performed to evaluate the system’s performance.
Extremophiles are optimal models in experimentally addressing questions about the effects of cosmic radiation on biological systems. The resistance to high charge energy (HZE) particles, and helium (He) ions and iron (Fe) ions (LET at 2.2 and 200 keV/µm, respectively, until 1000 Gy), of spores from two thermophiles, Bacillushorneckiae SBP3 and Bacilluslicheniformis T14, and two psychrotolerants, Bacillus sp. A34 and A43, was investigated. Spores survived He irradiation better, whereas they were more sensitive to Fe irradiation (until 500 Gy), with spores from thermophiles being more resistant to irradiations than psychrotolerants. The survived spores showed different germination kinetics, depending on the type/dose of irradiation and the germinant used. After exposure to He 1000 Gy, D-glucose increased the lag time of thermophilic spores and induced germination of psychrotolerants, whereas L-alanine and L-valine increased the germination efficiency, except alanine for A43. FTIR spectra showed important modifications to the structural components of spores after Fe irradiation at 250 Gy, which could explain the block in spore germination, whereas minor changes were observed after He radiation that could be related to the increased permeability of the inner membranes and alterations of receptor complex structures. Our results give new insights on HZE resistance of extremophiles that are useful in different contexts, including astrobiology.
Background: Coniferous woods (Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach, Abies procera Rehd, Picea abies (L.) H.Karst, and Picea pungens Engelm.) could contain useful secondary metabolites to produce sustainable packaging materials, e.g., by substitution of harmful petrol-based additives in plastic packaging. This study aims to characterise the antioxidant and light-absorbing properties and ingredients of different coniferous wood extracts with regard to different plant fragments and drying conditions. Furthermore, the valorisation of used Christmas trees is evaluated. Methods: Different drying and extraction techniques were applied with the extracts being characterised by determining the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and absorbance in the ultraviolet range (UV). Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and an acid–butanol assay (ABA) were used to characterise the extract constituents. Results: All the extracts show a considerably high UV absorbance while interspecies differences did occur. All the fresh and some of the dried biomass extracts reached utilisable TAC and TPC values. A simplified extraction setup for industrial application is evaluated; comparable TAC results could be reached with modifications. Conclusion: Coniferous woods are a promising renewable resource for preparation of sustainable antioxidants and photostabilisers. This particularly applies to Christmas trees used for up to 12 days. After extraction, the biomass can be fully valorised by incorporation in paper packaging.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were easily and efficiently functionalised with highly cross-linked polyamines. The radical polymerisation of two bis-vinylimidazolium salts in the presence of pristine MWCNTs and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a radical initiator led to the formation of materials with a high functionalisation degree. The subsequent treatment with sodium borohydride gave rise to the reduction of imidazolium moieties with the concomitant formation of secondary and tertiary amino groups. The obtained materials were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, solid state 13C-NMR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), potentiometric titration, and temperature programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD). One of the prepared materials was tested as a heterogeneous base catalyst in C–C bond forming reactions such as the Knoevenagel condensation and Henry reaction. Furthermore, two examples concerning a sequential one-pot approach involving two consecutive reactions, namely Knoevenagel and Michael reactions, were reported.
The motor protein myosin drives a wide range of cellular and muscular functions by generating directed movement and force, fueled through adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Release of the hydrolysis product adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a fundamental and regulatory process during force production. However, details about the molecular mechanism accompanying ADP release are scarce due to the lack of representative structures. Here we solved a novel blebbistatin-bound myosin conformation with critical structural elements in positions between the myosin pre-power stroke and rigor states. ADP in this structure is repositioned towards the surface by the phosphate-sensing P-loop, and stabilized in a partially unbound conformation via a salt-bridge between Arg131 and Glu187. A 5 Å rotation separates the mechanical converter in this conformation from the rigor position. The crystallized myosin structure thus resembles a conformation towards the end of the two-step power stroke, associated with ADP release. Computationally reconstructing ADP release from myosin by means of molecular dynamics simulations further supported the existence of an equivalent conformation along the power stroke that shows the same major characteristics in the myosin motor domain as the resolved blebbistatin-bound myosin-II·ADP crystal structure, and identified a communication hub centered on Arg232 that mediates chemomechanical energy transduction.
Toshiyuki Fukao
(2020)
Development and Validation of a Rapid and Reliable Method for TPMT Genotyping using real-time PCR
(2012)
Discrimination and classification of eight strains related to meat spoilage microorganisms commonly found in poultry meat were successfully carried out using two dispersive Raman spectrometers (Microscope and Portable Fiber-Optic systems) in combination with chemometric methods. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Multi-Class Support Vector Machines (MC-SVM) were applied to develop discrimination and classification models. These models were certified using validation data sets which were successfully assigned to the correct bacterial genera and even to the right strain. The discrimination of bacteria down to the strain level was performed for the pre-processed spectral data using a 3-stage model based on PCA. The spectral features and differences among the species on which the discrimination was based were clarified through PCA loadings. In MC-SVM the pre-processed spectral data was subjected to PCA and utilized to build a classification model. When using the first two components, the accuracy of the MC-SVM model was 97.64% and 93.23% for the validation data collected by the Raman Microscope and the Portable Fiber-Optic Raman system, respectively. The accuracy reached 100% for the validation data by using the first eight and ten PC’s from the data collected by Raman Microscope and by Portable Fiber-Optic Raman system, respectively. The results reflect the strong discriminative power and the high performance of the developed models, the suitability of the pre-processing method used in this study and that the low accuracy of the Portable Fiber-Optic Raman system does not adversely affect the discriminative power of the developed models.
Background: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown their multipotential including differentiating towards endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages, which triggers a new interest for using hMSCs as a putative source for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Our recent publication has shown for the first time that purinergic 2 receptors are key players during hMSC differentiation towards adipocytes and osteoblasts. Purinergic 2 receptors play an important role in cardiovascular function when they bind to extracellular nucleotides. In this study, the possible functional role of purinergic 2 receptors during MSC endothelial and smooth muscle differentiation was investigated. Methods and Results: Human MSCs were isolated from liposuction materials. Then, endothelial and smooth muscle-like cells were differentiated and characterized by specific markers via Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunochemical stainings. Interestingly, some purinergic 2 receptor subtypes were found to be differently regulated during these specific lineage commitments: P2Y4 and P2Y14 were involved in the early stage commitment while P2Y1 was the key player in controlling MSC differentiation towards either endothelial or smooth muscle cells. The administration of natural and artificial purinergic 2 receptor agonists and antagonists had a direct influence on these differentiations. Moreover, a feedback loop via exogenous extracellular nucleotides on these particular differentiations was shown by apyrase digest. Conclusions: Purinergic 2 receptors play a crucial role during the differentiation towards endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages. Some highly selective and potent artificial purinergic 2 ligands can control hMSC differentiation, which might improve the use of adult stem cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering in the future.
Space exposure experiments from the last 15 years have unexpectedly shown that several terrestrial organisms, including some multi-cellular species, are able to survive in open space without protection. The robustness of bdelloid rotifers suggests that these tiny creatures can possibly be added to the still restricted list of animals that can deal with the exposure to harsh condition of space. Bdelloids are one of the smallest animals on Earth. Living all over the world, mostly in semi-terrestrial environments, they appear to be extremely stress tolerant. Their desiccation tolerance at any stage of their life cycle is known to confer tolerance to a variety of stresses including high doses of radiation and freezing. In addition, they constitute a major scandal in evolutionary biology due to the putative absence of sexual reproduction for at least 60 million years. Adineta vaga, with its unique characteristics and a draft genome available, was selected by ESA (European Space Agency) as a model system to study extreme resistance of organisms exposed to space environment. In this manuscript, we documented the resistance of desiccated A. vaga individuals exposed to increasing doses of X-ray, protons and Fe ions. Consequences of exposure to different sources of radiation were investigated in regard to the cellular type including somatic (survival assay) and germinal cells (fertility assay). Then, the capacity of A. vaga individuals to repair DNA DSB induced by different source of radiation was investigated. Bdelloid rotifers represent a promising model in order to investigate damage induced by high or low LET radiation. The possibility of exposure both on hydrated or desiccated specimens may help to decipher contribution of direct and indirect radiation damage on biological processes. Results achieved through this study consolidate our knowledge about the radioresistance of A. vaga and improve our capacity to compare extreme resistance against radiation among living organisms including metazoan.
One of the primary current astrobiological goals is to understand the limits of microbial resistance to extraterrestrial conditions. Much attention is paid to ionizing radiation, since it can prevent the preservation and spread of life outside the Earth. The aim of this research was to study the impact of accelerated He ions (150 MeV/n, up to 1 kGy) as a component of the galactic cosmic rays on the black fungus C. antarcticus when mixed with Antarctic sandstones—the substratum of its natural habitat—and two Martian regolith simulants, which mimics two different evolutionary stages of Mars. The high dose of 1 kGy was used to assess the effect of dose accumulation in dormant cells within minerals, under long-term irradiation estimated on a geological time scale. The data obtained suggests that viable Earth-like microorganisms can be preserved in the dormant state in the near-surface scenario for approximately 322,000 and 110,000 Earth years within Martian regolith that mimic early and present Mars environmental conditions, respectively. In addition, the results of the study indicate the possibility of maintaining traces within regolith, as demonstrated by the identification of melanin pigments through UltraViolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric approach.
The development of metals tailored to the metallurgical conditions of laser-based additive manufacturing is crucial to advance the maturity of these materials for their use in structural applications. While efforts in this regard are being carried out around the globe, the use of high strength eutectic alloys have, so far, received minor attention, although previous works showed that rapid solidification techniques can result in ultrafine microstructures with excellent mechanical performance, albeit for small sample sizes. In the present work, a eutectic Ti-32.5Fe alloy has been produced by laser powder bed fusion aiming at exploiting rapid solidification and the capability to produce bulk ultrafine microstructures provided by this processing technique.
Process energy densities between 160 J/mm³ and 180 J/mm³ resulted in a dense and crack-free material with an oxygen content of ~ 0.45 wt.% in which a hierarchical microstructure is formed by µm-sized η-Ti4Fe2Ox dendrites embedded in an ultrafine eutectic β-Ti/TiFe matrix. The microstructure was studied three-dimensionally using near-field synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography with an actual spatial resolution down to 39 nm to analyse the morphology of the eutectic and dendritic structures as well as to quantify their mass density, size and distribution. Inter-lamellar spacings down to ~ 30–50 nm were achieved, revealing the potential of laser-based additive manufacturing to generate microstructures smaller than those obtained by classical rapid solidification techniques for bulk materials. The alloy was deformed at 600 °C under compressive loading up to a strain of ~ 30% without damage formation, resulting in a compressive yield stress of ~ 800 MPa.
This study provides a first demonstration of the feasibility to produce eutectic Ti-Fe alloys with ultrafine microstructures by laser powder bed fusion that are suitable for structural applications at elevated temperature.
This volume of the series Springer Briefs in Space Life Sciences explains the physics and biology of radiation in space, defines various forms of cosmic radiation and their dosimetry, and presents a range of exposure scenarios. It also discusses the effects of radiation on human health and describes the molecular mechanisms of heavy charged particles’ deleterious effects in the body. Lastly, it discusses countermeasures and addresses the vital question: Are we ready for launch?
Written for researchers in the space life sciences and space biomedicine, and for master’s students in biology, physics, and medicine, the book will also benefit all non-experts endeavoring to understand and enter space.
In forensic DNA profiling, the occurrence of complex mixed profiles is currently a common issue. Cases involving intimate swabs or skin flake tape liftings are prone to mixed profiles, because of more than one donor contributing to a DNA sample. By DNA profiling of single spermatozoa and skin flakes, problems associated with mixed profile could ideally be overcome. However, PCR is not a sensitive enough method to generate DNA profiles by STRs on single cells. Moreover, high quality intact DNA is required, but is not always available in skin flakes due to degradation. Additionally, single skin flakes are difficult to discriminate from other similar looking particles on tape liftings used to secure DNA samples from evidence. The main purpose of this study was to develop a method that enables DNA profiling of single sperm cells and skin flakes. After studying multiple whole genome amplification (WGA) protocols, REPLI-g Single Cell WGA was selected due to its suitability in the pre-amplification step of template DNA. Micromanipulation was used to isolate single spermatozoa. Furthermore, micromanipulation in combination with REPLI-g Single Cell WGA resulted in successful DNA profiling of single spermatozoa by using autosomal STRs as well as X- and Y-chromosomal STRs. The single spermatozoa DNA profiling method described in this thesis was successfully used to identify male contributors from mock intimate swabs with a mixture of semen from multiple male contributors. Different dyes were analysed to develop a staining method to discriminate skin flakes from other particles including particles such as those from hair cosmetic products. From all dyes tested, Orange G was the only dye which successfully discriminated skin flakes from hair product particles. Also, an alkaline based lysis protocol was developed that allowed PCR to be carried out directly on the lysates of single skin flakes. Furthermore, REPLI-g Single Cell WGA was tested on single skin flakes. In contrast to the single spermatozoa, REPLI-g Single Cell WGA was not successful in DNA profiling of single skin flakes. The single skin flake DNA profiling method described in this thesis was successfully used in correctly identifying contributors from mock mixed DNA evidence. Additionally, a small amplicon-based NGS method was tested on single skin flakes. Compared to the PCR and CE approach, the small amplicon-based NGS method improved DNA profiling of single skin flakes, giving a significant increase in allele recovery. In conclusion, this study shows circumventing mixtures is possible by DNA profiling of single spermatozoa, using micromanipulation and WGA. Furthermore, DNA profiling of single skin flakes has been improved by the staining of tape liftings methodology with Orange G, alkaline lysis, direct-PCR and a small amplicon-based NGS approach. Nonetheless, future work is required to assess the performance of the single spermatozoa method on mock swabs with more diluted semen. Also, commercially available NGS kits should be tested with single skin flakes and compared with the in-house NGS method.
The development of sustainable, environmentally friendly insulation materials with a reduced carbon footprint is attracting increased interest. One alternative to conventional insulation materials are foamed geopolymers. Similar to foamed concrete, the mechanical properties of geopolymer foams can also be improved by using fibers for reinforcement. This paper presents an overview of the latest research findings in the field of fiber-reinforced geopolymer foam concrete with special focus on natural fibers reinforcement. Furthermore, some basic and background information of natural fibers and geopolymer foams are reported. In most of the research, foams are produced either through chemical foaming with hydrogen peroxide or aluminum powder, or through mechanical foaming which includes a foaming agent. However, previous reviews have not sufficiently addresses the fabrication of geopolymer foams by syntactic foams. Finally, recent efforts to reduce the fiber degradation in geopolymer concrete are discussed along with challenges for natural fiber reinforced-geopolymer foam concrete.
This work presents the development of a measuring system for the quality control of ultrapure water. The new systems combines ozonation and UV radiation for the oxidation of organic substances. The change in conductivity caused by the oxidation is furthermore correlated with the TOC of the solution.
Development of colored surfaces by formation of nano-structured aggregates is a widely used strategy in nature to color lightweight structures (e.g. butterflies) without the use of dye pigments. The deposition of nanoscale particles mimics nature in it’s approach coloring surfaces. This work presents sol-gel modification of cellulose surfaces used to form a template for growth of Cu/Cu2O core-shell particles with defined size-distributions. Besides improving the adhesion of the deposited particulate material, the sol-gel matrix serves as a template for the control of particle sizes of the Cu/Cu2O structures, and as a consequence of particle size variation the surface color is tunable. As an example, red color was achieved with an average particle size of 35 nm, and shifts gradually to blue appearance when particles have grown to 80 nm on the sol-gel modified fabric. The copper concentration on representative fabrics is kept low to avoid modifying the textile characteristics and were all in the range of 150–170 mg per g of cellulose material. As a result of copper deposition on the surface of the material, the cellulose fabric also became electrically conductive. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity was found to be dependent on the average particle sizes of the deposits and thus related to the change in observed color. The generation of color by growth of nano-sized particles on sol-gel templates provides a highly promising approach to stain surfaces by physical effects without use of synthetic colorants, which opens a new strategy to improve environmental profile of coloration.