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Das autonome Fahren wird die Mobilität revolutionieren. Um die Auswirkung der Vollautomation auf dieEigenschaften der Verkehrsmittel und die Präferenzen der Nutzer besser zu verstehen, haben wir dieNutzenwerte neuen Verkehrsmodi im Vergleich zu den bestehenden Verkehrsmodi analysiert und imRahmen einer Online-Umfrage von potentiellen Nutzern in Form eines vollständigen Paarvergleichsbewerten lassen. Die Studie zeigt, dass der Privat-PKW, unabhängig davon ob traditionell odervollautomatisiert, zwar nach wie vor das präferierte Verkehrsmittel ist, im direkten Vergleich das Carsharingjedoch viel stärker von der Vollautomation profitiert. Darüber hinaus gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass dasvollautomatisierte Carsharing verstärkt in Konkurrenz zum ÖPNV tritt.
Organisationen wollen Produkte mit guter User Experience herstellen. Durch die Evaluation der organisationalen UX-Gestaltungskompetenz können Organisationen erkennen, wie stark ihre momentane UX-Gestaltungskompetenz ausgeprägt ist und wie die Kompetenz gezielt gesteigert werden kann. Für die Abbildung der aktuellen Kompetenz werden ein Fragebogen zur theoretischen Kompetenz und ein Fragebogen für die Produktevaluation kombiniert. Durch diese Kombination wird die Kompetenz der Organisation aus der Handlungs- und der Ergebnisperspektive betrachtet. Für die Erarbeitung von Handlungsfeldern zur Verbesserung der Kompetenz werden qualitative Interviews durchgeführt und mit den Ergebnissen der quantitativen Erhebungen verknüpft. Durch einen anschließenden Ergebnisworkshop erarbeiten sich die Mitglieder der Organisation einen effizienten Weg zur Steigerung der organisationalen UX-Kompetenz.
Usability und User Experience (UX) haben als Design-Aspekte in der Produktentwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Daher ist es sinnvoll, die organisationale Kompetenz zur Entwicklung von Produkten mit einer positiven UX zu stärken. Veränderungen in Organisationen sind jedoch mit großem Aufwand verbunden. Deshalb müssen Organisationen entscheiden, welche Aktivitäten zur Veränderung der eigenen Kompetenz durchgeführt werden sollen und welche nicht. Die bisherige Forschung hat sich weitgehend auf die Anwendbarkeit bestimmter Methoden im Projekt- und Produktkontext konzentriert. Um geeignete Aktivitäten zur Verbesserung der organisationalen UX-Kompetenz zu identifizieren, wurden 17 UX-Professionals befragt. Diese UX-Professionals haben mindestens zehn Jahre Erfahrung durch die Arbeit in mehreren Unternehmen und durch die Übernahme einer Führungsrolle im Bereich UX gesammelt. Aus diesen Interviews wurden 13 mögliche Maßnahmen zur Steigerung der UX-Kompetenz von Organisationen abgeleitet. Dazu gehören beispielsweise die Erhöhung der Kompetenz einzelner Mitarbeiter, das Teilen von UX-Erfolgsgeschichten oder das Ermöglichen von User Research.
UX-Professionals stehen vor der Aufgabe ihre Fertigkeiten und Kenntnisse kontinuierlich auszubauen. Eine Möglichkeit dies zu tun sind Communities of Practice, also Gemeinschaften von Personen mit ähnlichen Aufgaben und Schwerpunkten sowie einem gemeinsamen Interesse an Lösungen. Sie agieren weitgehend selbstorganisiert und dienen dem Austausch und der gegenseitigen Unterstützung. So entstehen ein gemeinsamer Wissensschatz sowie ein Netzwerk zwischen allen UX-Interessierten. Der Aufbau einer Community of Practice für UX-Professionals wurde in einem mittelständigen Unternehmen über 18 Monate begleitet und ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse führten zu Handlungsempfehlungen, um Hindernisse beim Aufbau zu reduzieren und einen Mehrwert für alle Beteiligten herbeizuführen.
Background
Consumers rely heavily on online user reviews when shopping online and cybercriminals produce fake reviews to manipulate consumer opinion. Much prior research focuses on the automated detection of these fake reviews, which are far from perfect. Therefore, consumers must be able to detect fake reviews on their own. In this study we survey the research examining how consumers detect fake reviews online.
Methods
We conducted a systematic literature review over the research on fake review detection from the consumer-perspective. We included academic literature giving new empirical data. We provide a narrative synthesis comparing the theories, methods and outcomes used across studies to identify how consumers detect fake reviews online.
Results
We found only 15 articles that met our inclusion criteria. We classify the most often used cues identified into five categories which were (1) review characteristics (2) textual characteristics (3) reviewer characteristics (4) seller characteristics and (5) characteristics of the platform where the review is displayed.
Discussion
We find that theory is applied inconsistently across studies and that cues to deception are often identified in isolation without any unifying theoretical framework. Consequently, we discuss how such a theoretical framework could be developed.
Die Globalisierung führt zu immer komplexeren, für die Einzelnen kaum nachvollziehbaren Wertschöpfungsketten in der Lebensmittelindustrie. Zugleich eröffnet die Digitalisierung neue Möglichkeiten, Informationen entlang der Kette zu sammeln, und so mehr Transparenz und Vertrauen für den Verbraucherbeziehungsweise die Verbraucherin zu schaffen. Jedoch finden Verbraucherinformations-Apps wie fTRACE bisher nur eine geringe Verbreitung. Daher haben wir in einer qualitativen Studie mit 16 Teilnehmer/-innen Bedürfnisse und Nutzungshürden von Verbraucher/-innen im Zusammenhang mit Verbraucherinformations-Apps analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass das Vertrauen in die Informationen, sowie der einfache Zugang dazu für Verbraucher/-innen zentral sind. Durch die gut sichtbare Bereitstellung der Informationen am Point-of-Sale, sowie der automatisierten Informationsversorgung z. B. mittels digitaler Kassenzettel in Kombination mit weiteren Verbraucher-Services kann die Bekanntheit und Akzeptanz von Rückverfolgbarkeitssystemen weiter gesteigert werden.
Stakeholder-Analyse zum Einsatz IIoT-basierter Frischeinformationen in der Lebensmittelindustrie
(2019)
Eine Herausforderung bei der Implementierung des industriellen Internet of Things (IIoT) besteht darin, Mehrwerte in Wertschöpfungsketten zu identifizieren, um darauf aufbauend Lösungen nutzerzentriert zu gestalten. Dieser Beitrag stellt das Forschungsprojekt FreshIndex vor, bei dem diese Herausforderung durch eine Kombination aus Stakeholder-Analyse und User-Centered-Design-Methoden adressiert wurde. Ziel des Projekts ist es, eine IIoT-basierte Lösung zum Monitoring der Kühlkette in der Lebensmittelindustrie zu entwickeln. Hierzu ist es wichtig zu wissen, welche Nutzer/-innen mit den Daten in Berührung kommen und welche Erfahrungen, Fähigkeiten, Anforderungen und Wünsche sie mitbringen. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Aspekte ist relevant für den Erfolg der Konzeption, Implementierung und des Betriebs eines IIoT-Systems. So können nützliche und handhabbare Produktideen generiert und Anwendungen gestaltet werden, die von Mitarbeiter/-innen und Konsument/-innen angenommen werden. IIoT schließt somit die lokale Verwendbarkeit von Daten entlang der Wertschöpfungskette ein und beschränkt sich nicht auf zentrale Verfügbarkeit von Daten.
Exploring Future Work - Co-Designing a Human-robot Collaboration Environment for Service Domains
(2020)
There has been increasing interest in the application of humanoid robots in service domains like retail or care homes in recent years. Here, most use cases focus on serving customer needs autonomously. Frequently, human intervention becomes necessary to support the robot in exceptional situations. However, direct intervention of service operators is often not possible and requires specialized personnel. In a co-design process with 13 service operators from a pharmacy, we designed a remote working environment for human-robot collaboration that enables first-time experiences and collaboration with robots. Five participants took part in an assessment study and reported on their experiences about the utility, usability and user experience. Results show that participants were able to control and train the robot through the remote control environment. We discuss implications of our results for future work in service domains and emphasize a shift of focus from full robot automatization to human-robot collaboration forms.
This article concerns the design and development of Information- and Communication Technology, in particular computer systems in regard to the demographic transition which will influence user capabilities. It is questionable if current applied computer systems are able to meet the requirements of altered user groups with diversified capabilities. Such an enquiry is necessary based on actual forecasts leading to the assumption that the average age of employees in enterprises will increase significantly within the next 50-60 years, while the percentage of computer aided business tasks, operated by human individuals, rises from year to year. This progress will precipitate specific consequences for enterprises regarding the design and application of computer systems. If computer systems are not adapted to altered user requirements, efficient and productive utilisation could be negatively influenced. These consequences constitute the motivation to extend traditional design methodologies and thereby ensure the application of computer systems that are usable, independent of user capabilities.
This article concerns with the accessibility of Business process modelling tools (BPMo tools) and business process modelling languages (BPMo languages). Therefore the reader will be introduced to business process management and the authors' motivation behind this inquiry. Afterwards, the paper will reflect problems when applying inaccessible BPMo tools. To illustrate these problems the authors distinguish between two different categories of issues and provide practical examples. Finally the article will present three approaches to improve the accessibility of BPMo tools and BPMo languages.
In this paper, we provide a participatory design study of a mobile health platform for older adults that provides an integrative perspective on health data collected from different devices and apps. We illustrate the diversity and complexity of older adults’ perspectives in the context of health and technology use, the challenges which follow on for the design of mobile health platforms that support active and healthy ageing (AHA) and our approach to addressing these challenges through a participatory design (PD) process. Interviews were conducted with older adults aged 65+ in a two-month study with the goal of understanding perspectives on health and technologies for AHA support. We identified challenges and derived design ideas for a mobile health platform called “My-AHA”. For researchers in this field, the structured documentation of our procedures and results, as well as the implications derived provide valuable insights for the design of mobile health platforms for older adults.
Daryoush Daniel Vaziri illustrates that the use of mixed methods designs may support the induction of more subtle and complete theories about older adults’ use of technologies for the support of active and healthy aging. The results show that older adults’ social contexts and environments considerably affect their perspectives, practices and attitudes with respect to health, quality of life, well-being and technology use for active and healthy aging support. Results were collected with older adults aged 60+ as well as relevant secondary stakeholders like caregivers, policy makers or health insurance companies.
Background: Falls are common in older adults and can result in serious injuries. Due to demographic changes, falls and related healthcare costs are likely to increase over the next years. Participation and motivation of older adults in fall prevention measures remain a challenge. The iStoppFalls project developed an information and communication technology (ICT)-based system for older adults to use at home in order to reduce common fall risk factors such as impaired balance and muscle weakness. The system aims at increasing older adults’ motivation to participate in ICT-based fall prevention measures. This article reports on usability, user-experience and user-acceptance aspects affecting the use of the iStoppFalls system by older adults.
Methods: In the course of a 16-week international multicenter study, 153 community-dwelling older adults aged 65+ participated in the iStoppFalls randomized controlled trial, of which half used the system in their home to exercise and assess their risk of falling. During the study, 60 participants completed questionnaires regarding the usability, user experience and user acceptance of the iStoppFalls system. Usability was measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS). For user experience the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) was applied. User acceptance was assessed with the Dynamic Acceptance Model for the Re-evaluation of Technologies (DART). To collect more detailed data on usability, user experience and user acceptance, additional qualitative interviews and observations were conducted with participants.
Results: Participants evaluated the usability of the system with an overall score of 62 (Standard Deviation, SD 15.58) out of 100, which suggests good usability. Most users enjoyed the iStoppFalls games and assessments, as shown by the overall PACES score of 31 (SD 8.03). With a score of 0.87 (SD 0.26), user acceptance results showed that participants accepted the iStoppFalls system for use in their own home. Interview data suggested that certain factors such as motivation, complexity or graphical design were different for gender and age.
Conclusions: The results suggest that the iStoppFalls system has good usability, user experience and user acceptance. It will be important to take these along with factors such as motivation, gender and age into consideration when designing and further developing ICT-based fall prevention systems.
IT-accessiblity is often treated as an orphan in companies. Even though the proportion of disabled people is substantial and people become older and more susceptible to disabilities. Besides cost factors, companies often do not have a plan how to implement and control IT-accessibility successfully. However, most companies are familiar with IT-maturity frameworks to evaluate and improve their own IT-infrastructure. It would facilitate dealing with IT-accessibility, if IT-maturity frameworks consider IT-accessibility and provide recommendations and solutions for a successful implementation. Therefore, this article conducts a review of an acknowledged IT-maturity framework with regard to its capability to enable implementation of IT-accessibility in an organization. The first part of this article will illustrate the motivation and background for the authors concern with such a topic. Afterwards the authors will introduce the reader to the reviewed IT-maturity framework and provide basic knowledge on IT-accessibility. The main part of the article will deal with the review of the applied IT-maturity framework and outline examples of critical capabilities for successfully implementing IT-accessibility in an organization. The final section will derive implications and close with planned future research activities in this field.
This paper presents the outcomes of an exploratory field study that examined the social impact of an ICT-based suite of exergames for people with dementia and their caregivers. Qualitative data was collected over a period of 8 months, during which time we studied the daily life of 14 people with dementia and their informal and professional caregivers. We focus on the experiential aspects of the system and examine its social impact when integrated into the daily routines of both people with dementia themselves and their professional and family caregivers. Our findings indicate that relatives were able to regain leisure time, whilst people with dementia were able to recapture certain aspects of their social and daily activities that might otherwise have been lost to them. Results suggest that the system enhanced social-interaction, invigorated relationships, and improved the empowerment of people with dementia and their caregivers to face daily challenges.
Dementia not only affects the cognitive capabilities, especially memory and orientation, but also physical capabilities, which are associated with a decrease of physical activities. Here, ICT can play a major role to improve health, quality of life and wellbeing in older adults suffering from dementia and related stakeholders, such as relatives, professional and informal caregivers. The aim of the presented system is to increase physical and cognitive capabilities of people with dementia and their caregivers to support them in daily life activities, reduce the strain of the caregivers and improve both their wellbeing.
As a result of ageing societies, the prevalence of dementia, and accordingly the need of care is increasing rapidly. Here, the use of ICT-based technologies may facilitate and promote a self-sustaining life-style for people with dementia and their caregivers. The presented poster describes early findings from the project MobiAssist and outlines the ICT-based training system. The system aims to increase the physical and cognitive capabilities of people with dementia, relief the caregivers and improve wellbeing of involved parties.
Insights from an Exergame-Based Training System for People with Dementia and Their Caregivers
(2020)
There has been increasing interest in designing for dementia in recent years. Empirical investigation is now needed of the long-term role of caregivers in appropriating ICTs into the complex daily life of people with dementia (PwD). We present here the outcomes of a 4-month evaluation of the individual, social and institutional impact of a videogame-based training system. The everyday behavior and interactions of 52 PwD and 25 caregivers was studied qualitatively, focusing on the role played by caregivers in integrating the system into daily routines. Our results indicate that the successful appropriation of ICT for PwD depends partly on the physical, cognitive and social benefits for PwD, but especially on the added value perceived by their social care-network. We discuss the need for design in dementia to develop more socially embedded innovations that can address the social actors involved and thus contribute to practical solutions for professional and private care.
Für das IT-Service-Management, also für die Maßnahmen zur Planung, Überwachung und Steuerung der Effektivitat und Effizienz von IT-Services, existieren Standardprozessmodelle wie beispielsweise ITIL oder MOF. Kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) können für das IT-Service-Management oftmals nicht die IT-Service-Management-Prozesse aus ITIL oder MOF nutzen, da der zusätzliche administrative Aufwand zur Nutzung für diese Unternehmen meist nicht rentabel ist. Dies ist ein entscheidender Wettbewerbsnachteil, da die Aufgaben und Themen im IT-Service-Management für KMU der in großen Unternehmen sehr ähnlich sind.
Die Autoren ermitteln in diesem Beitrag typische Anforderungen an das IT-Service-Management in KMU, entwickeln anschliesend ein für KMU geeignetes Prozessmodell für das IT-Service-Management, das sich aus ITIL ableitet, und beschreiben abschließend die exemplarische Einführung in einem Unternehmen.
Die Vorteile, Nutzer aktiv, früh und langfristig in ntwicklungsprozesse zu integrieren, um Fehlentwicklungen zu vermeiden und Nutzerbedürfnisse zu adressieren, sind nicht nur in der akademischen Forschung bekannt. Prozesse und Strukturen in Unternehmen der IKT-Branche sind bereits häufig agil implementiert. Dennoch schaffen es kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) oftmals nicht, die Potentiale einer Nutzerintegration konsequent auszuschöpfen. In Fallstudien wurden drei unterschiedliche KMU analysiert, wie sie die Stimme des Nutzers im Entwicklungsprozess berücksichtigen. Unterschiedliche Strategien der Nutzerintegration, die sich in Rollen und Werkzeugen, in Anforderungen und Problemen an das Nutzersample, Methoden und Datenaufbereitung widerspiegeln, werden beleuchtet. Unser Beitrag soll helfen, Herausforderungen und Probleme von KMU auf der Suche nach angemessenen und passgenauen Wegen der Nutzerintegration zu verstehen und Lösungen zu gestalten.
The design of self-driving cars is one of the most exciting and ambitious challenges of our days and every day, new research work is published. In order to give an orientation, this article will present an overview of various methods used to study the human side of autonomous driving. Simplifying roughly, you can distinguish between design science-oriented methods (such as Research through Design, Wizard of Oz or driving simulator ) and behavioral science methods (such as survey, interview, and observation). We show how these methods are adopted in the context of autonomous driving research and dis-cuss their strengths and weaknesses. Due to the complexity of the topic, we will show that mixed method approaches will be suitable to explore the impact of autonomous driving on different levels: the individual, the social interaction and society.
Within qualitative interviews we examine attitudes towards driverless cars in order to investigate new mobility services and explore the impact of such services on everyday mobility. We identified three main issues that we would like to discuss in the workshop: (I) Designing beyond a driver-centric approach; (II) Developing mobility services for cars which drive themselves; and (III) Exploring self-driving practices.
The alternative use of travel time is one of the widely discussed benefits of driverless cars. We therefore conducted 14 co-design sessions to examine how people manage their time, to determine how they perceive the value of time in driverless cars and to derive design implications. Our findings suggest that driverless mobility will affect both people’s use of travel time as well as their time management in general. The participants repeatedly stated the desire of completing tasks while traveling to save time for activities that are normally neglected in their everyday life. Using travel time efficiently requires using car space efficiently, too. We found out that the design concept of tiny houses could serve as common design pattern to deal with the limited space within cars and support diverse needs.
Vertrauen ist das Schmiermittel der Shareconomy. Einen zentralen Mechanismus hierfür stellen Crowd-basierte Reputationssysteme dar, bei denen Informationen und Bewertungen anderer Nutzer dazu dienen Vertrauen aufzubauen. Die Vernetzung zu teilender Gegenstände bietet hierbei neue Potentiale, um die Reputation eines Anbieters oder Nachfragers zu bewerten und einzuschätzen. In diesem Beitrag untersu-chen wir daher das Potential eines IoT-basierten Reputationssystems im Kontext von Peer-to-Peer Car-sharing, bei dem Informationen und Bewertungen mittels Sensorik während der Nutzung des Fahrzeugs erhoben und ausgewertet werden. Hierzu wurden zwei Fokusgruppen mit insgesamt 12 Personen durch-geführt. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, dass datenbasierte Reputationssysteme das Vertrauen nicht nur vor, sondern auch während der Vermietung und in der Nachkontrolle für Ver- und Entleiher steigern können. Jedoch sollten bei der Gestaltung solcher Systeme die Prinzipien der mehrseitigen Sicherheit wie Spar-samkeit, Verhältnismäßigkeit, Transparenz und Reziprozität beachtet werden.
Traditionally automotive UI focusses on the ergonomic design of controls and the user experience in the car. Bringing networked sensors into the car, connected cars can provide additional information to car drivers and owners, for and beyond the driving task. While there already are technological solutions, such as mobile applications commercially available, research on users’ information demands in such applications is scarce. We conducted four focus groups to uncover what kind of information users might be interested in to see on a second dashboard. Our findings show that besides control screens of todays’ dashboards, people are also interested in connected car services providing context information for a current driving situation and allowing strategic planning of driving safety or supporting car management when not driving. Our use cases inform the design of content for secondary dashboards for and especially beyond the driving context with a user perspective.
The technological development of the digital computer and new options to collect, store and transfer mass data have changed the world in the last 40 years. Moreover, due to the ongoing progress of computer power, the establishment of the Internet as critical infrastructure and the options of ubiquitous sensor systems will have a dramatic impact on economies and societies in the future. We give a brief overview about the technological basics especially with regard to the exponential growth of big data and current turn towards sensor-based data collection. From this stance, we reconsider the various dimensions of personal data and and market mechanisms that have an impact of data usage and protection.
Who do you trust: Peers or Technology? A conjoint analysis about computational reputation mechanisms
(2020)
Peer-to-peer sharing platforms are taking over an increasingly important role in the platform economy due to their sustainable business model. By sharing private goods and services, the challenge arises to build trust between peers online mostly without any kind of physical presence. Peer rating has been proven as an important mechanism. In this paper, we explore the concept called Trust Score, a computational rating mechanism adopted from car telematics, which can play a similar role in carsharing. For this purpose, we conducted a conjoint analysis where 77 car owners chose between fictitious user profiles. Our results show that in our experiment the telemetric-based score slightly outperforms the peer rating in the decision process, while the participants perceived the peer rating more helpful in retrospect. Further, we discuss potential benefits with regard to existing shortcomings of user rating, but also various concerns that should be considered in concepts like telemetric-based reputation mechanism that supplements existing trust factors such as user ratings.
Der technische Fortschritt im Bereich der Erhebung, Speicherung und Verarbeitung von Daten macht es erforderlich, neue Fragen zu sozialverträglichen Datenmärkten aufzuwerfen. So gibt es sowohl eine Tendenz zur vereinfachten Datenteilung als auch die Forderung, die informationelle Selbstbestimmung besser zu schützen. Innerhalb dieses Spannungsfeldes bewegt sich die Idee von Datentreuhändern. Ziel des Beitrags ist darzulegen, dass zwischen verschiedenen Formen der Datentreuhänderschaft unterschieden werden sollte, um der Komplexität des Themas gerecht zu werden. Insbesondere bedarf es neben der mehrseitigen Treuhänderschaft, mit dem Treuhänder als neutraler Instanz, auch der einseitigen Treuhänderschaft, bei dem der Treuhänder als Anwalt der Verbraucherinteressen fungiert. Aus dieser Perspektive wird das Modell der Datentreuhänderschaft als stellvertretende Deutung der Interessen individueller und kollektiver Identitäten systematisch entwickelt.
Intelligentes Carsharing zur Förderung der urbanen Mobilität - Einfach Teilen : Schlussbericht
(2019)
Focus on what matters: improved feature selection techniques for personal thermal comfort modelling
(2022)
Occupants' personal thermal comfort (PTC) is indispensable for their well-being, physical and mental health, and work efficiency. Predicting PTC preferences in a smart home can be a prerequisite to adjusting the indoor temperature for providing a comfortable environment. In this research, we focus on identifying relevant features for predicting PTC preferences. We propose a machine learning-based predictive framework by employing supervised feature selection techniques. We apply two feature selection techniques to select the optimal sets of features to improve the thermal preference prediction performance. The experimental results on a public PTC dataset demonstrated the efficiency of the feature selection techniques that we have applied. In turn, our PTC prediction framework with feature selection techniques achieved state-of-the-art performance in terms of accuracy, Cohen's kappa, and area under the curve (AUC), outperforming conventional methods.
Improved Thermal Comfort Model Leveraging Conditional Tabular GAN Focusing on Feature Selection
(2024)
The indoor thermal comfort in both homes and workplaces significantly influences the health and productivity of inhabitants. The heating system, controlled by Artificial Intelligence (AI), can automatically calibrate the indoor thermal condition by analyzing various physiological and environmental variables. To ensure a comfortable indoor environment, smart home systems can adjust parameters related to thermal comfort based on accurate predictions of inhabitants’ preferences. Modeling personal thermal comfort preferences poses two significant challenges: the inadequacy of data and its high dimensionality. An adequate amount of data is a prerequisite for training efficient machine learning (ML) models. Additionally, high-dimensional data tends to contain multiple irrelevant and noisy features, which might hinder ML models’ performance. To address these challenges, we propose a framework for predicting personal thermal comfort preferences, combining the conditional tabular generative adversarial network (CTGAN) with multiple feature selection techniques. We first address the data inadequacy challenge by applying CTGAN to generate synthetic data samples, incorporating challenges associated with multimodal distributions and categorical features. Then, multiple feature selection techniques are employed to identify the best possible sets of features. Experimental results based on a wide range of settings on a standard dataset demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in predicting personal thermal comfort preferences. The results also indicated that ML models trained on synthetic data achieved significantly better performance than models trained on real data. Overall, our method, combining CTGAN and feature selection techniques, outperformed existing known related work in thermal comfort prediction in terms of multiple evaluation metrics, including area under the curve (AUC), Cohen’s Kappa, and accuracy. Additionally, we presented a global, model-agnostic explanation of the thermal preference prediction system, providing an avenue for thermal comfort experiment designers to consciously select the data to be collected.
Due to expected positive impacts on business, the application of artificial intelligence has been widely increased. The decision-making procedures of those models are often complex and not easily understandable to the company’s stakeholders, i.e. the people having to follow up on recommendations or try to understand automated decisions of a system. This opaqueness and black-box nature might hinder adoption, as users struggle to make sense and trust the predictions of AI models. Recent research on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) focused mainly on explaining the models to AI experts with the purpose of debugging and improving the performance of the models. In this article, we explore how such systems could be made explainable to the stakeholders. For doing so, we propose a new convolutional neural network (CNN)-based explainable predictive model for product backorder prediction in inventory management. Backorders are orders that customers place for products that are currently not in stock. The company now takes the risk to produce or acquire the backordered products while in the meantime, customers can cancel their orders if that takes too long, leaving the company with unsold items in their inventory. Hence, for their strategic inventory management, companies need to make decisions based on assumptions. Our argument is that these tasks can be improved by offering explanations for AI recommendations. Hence, our research investigates how such explanations could be provided, employing Shapley additive explanations to explain the overall models’ priority in decision-making. Besides that, we introduce locally interpretable surrogate models that can explain any individual prediction of a model. The experimental results demonstrate effectiveness in predicting backorders in terms of standard evaluation metrics and outperform known related works with AUC 0.9489. Our approach demonstrates how current limitations of predictive technologies can be addressed in the business domain.
Spätestens seit der Belegausgabepflicht in Deutschland ist der digitale Kassenbon in aller Munde. Neben der Reduzierung umweltschädlichen Thermopapiers ergeben sich mit dieser Technologie auch neue Schnittstellen zwischen Kunde:in und Handel. Diese können für eine stärkere Digitalisierung und ein gesteigertes Kund:innen-Erlebnis genutzt werden.
Vor diesem Hintergrund betrachtet dieses Whitepaper die Perspektiven der verschiedenen Stakeholder, Architekturen sowie mögliche Mehrwertdienste zur Steigerung des Kund:innen-Erlebnis, aber auch zur Optimierung der Handelsprozesse.
AI systems pose unknown challenges for designers, policymakers, and users which aggravates the assessment of potential harms and outcomes. Although understanding risks is a requirement for building trust in technology, users are often excluded from legal assessments and explanations of AI hazards. To address this issue we conducted three focus groups with 18 participants in total and discussed the European proposal for a legal framework for AI. Based on this, we aim to build a (conceptual) model that guides policymakers, designers, and researchers in understanding users’ risk perception of AI systems. In this paper, we provide selected examples based on our preliminary results. Moreover, we argue for the benefits of such a perspective.
Voice assistants (VA) collect data about users’ daily life including interactions with other connected devices, musical preferences, and unintended interactions. While users appreciate the convenience of VAs, their understanding and expectations of data collection by vendors are often vague and incomplete. By making the collected data explorable for consumers, our research-through-design approach seeks to unveil design resources for fostering data literacy and help users in making better informed decisions regarding their use of VAs. In this paper, we present the design of an interactive prototype that visualizes the conversations with VAs on a timeline and provides end users with basic means to engage with data, for instance allowing for filtering and categorization. Based on an evaluation with eleven households, our paper provides insights on how users reflect upon their data trails and presents design guidelines for supporting data literacy of consumers in the context of VAs.
Diese Studie untersucht die Aneignung und Nutzung von Sprachassistenten wie Google Assistant oder Amazon Alexa in Privathaushalten. Unsere Forschung basiert auf zehn Tiefeninterviews mit Nutzern von Sprachassistenten sowie der Evaluation bestimmter Interaktionen in der Interaktionshistorie. Unsere Ergebnisse illustrieren, zu welchen Anlässen Sprachassistenten im heimischen Umfeld genutzt werden, welche Strategien sich die Nutzer in der Interaktion mit Sprachassistenten angeeignet haben, wie die Interaktion abläuft und welche Schwierigkeiten sich bei der Einrichtung und Nutzung des Sprachassistenten ergeben haben. Ein besonderer Fokus der Studie liegt auf Fehlinteraktionen, also Situationen, in denen die Interaktion scheitert oder zu scheitern droht. Unsere Studie zeigt, dass das Nutzungspotenzial der Assistenten häufig nicht ausgeschöpft wird, da die Interaktion in komplexeren Anwendungsfällen häufig misslingt. Die Nutzer verwenden daher den Sprachassistenten eher in einfachen Anwendungsfällen und neue Apps und Anwendungsfälle werden gar nicht erst ausprobiert. Eine Analyse der Aneignungsstrategien, beispielsweise durch eine selbst erstellte Liste mit Befehlen, liefert Erkenntnisse für die Gestaltung von Unterstützungswerkzeugen sowie die Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung von sprachbasierten Mensch-Maschine-Interfaces.
Durch die Digitalisierung befindet sich die Mobilitätsbranche im starken Umbruch. So wird man bei der Verkehrsmittelwahl zukünftig wohl auch auf selbstfahrende Autos zurückgreifen können. Die Studie erweitert die Verkehrs- und Nutzerakzeptanzforschung, indem unter Berücksichtigung relativer Teilmehrwerte tiefergehend analysiert wird, wie sich die neuen Verkehrsmodi autonomer Privat-PKW, autonomes Carsharing und autonomes Taxi aus heutiger Sicht in den bestehenden Verkehrsmix einsortieren. Hierzu wurde auf Basis der Nutzerpräferenztheorie eine Onlineumfrage (n=172) zu den relativen Mehrwerten der neuen autonomen Verkehrsmodi durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich, dass Nutzer im Vergleich zum PKW bei den autonomen Modi Verbesserungen im Fahrkomfort und in der Zeitnutzung sehen, in vielen anderen Bereichen – insbesondere bei Fahrspaß und Kontrolle – hingegen keine Vorteile oder sogar relative Nachteile sehen. Gegenüber dem ÖPNV bieten die autonomen Modi in fast allen Eigenschaften Mehrwerte. Diese Betrachtung auf Teilnutzenebene liefert eine genauere Erklärung für Nutzerakzeptanz des automatisierten Fahrens.
Digitisation has brought a major upheaval to the mobility sector, and in the future, self-driving cars will probably be one of the transport modes. This study extends transport and user acceptance research by analysing in greater depth how the new modes of autonomous private cars, autonomous carsharing and autonomous taxis fit into the existing traffic mix from today's perspective. It focuses on accounting for relative added value. For this purpose, user preference theory was used as a base for an online survey (n=172) on the relative added value of the new autonomous traffic modes. Results show that users see advantages in the autonomous modes for driving comfort and time utilization whereas, in comparison to conventional cars, in many other areas – especially in terms of driving pleasure and control – they see no advantages or even relative disadvantages. Compared to public transport, the autonomous modes offer added values in almost all characteristics. This analysis at the partwor th level provides a more detailed explanation for user acceptance of automated driving.
Shared Autonomous Vehicles: Potentials for a Sustainable Mobility and Risks of Unintended Effects
(2018)
Automated and connected cars could significantly reduce congestion and emissions through a more efficient flow of traffic and a reduction in the number of vehicles. An increase in demand for driving with autonomous vehicles is also conceivable due to higher comfort and improved quality of time using driverless cars. So far, empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is missing. To analyze the influence of autonomous driving on mobility behavior and to uncover user preferences, which serve as an indicator for future travel mode choices, we conducted an online survey with a paired comparison of current and future travel modes with 302 German participants. The results do not confirm the hypothesis that ownership will become an outdated model in the future. Instead they suggest that private cars, whether traditional or fully automated, will remain the preferred travel mode. At the same time, carsharing will benefit from full automation more than private cars. However, findings indicate that the growth of carsharing will mainly be at the expense of public transport, showing that more effort should be placed in making public transportation more attractive if sustainable mobility is to be developed.
Innovations in the mobility industry such as automated and connected cars could significantly reduce congestion and emissions by allowing the traffic to flow more freely and reducing the number of vehicles according to some researchers. However, the effectiveness of these sustainable product and service innovations is often limited by unexpected changes in consumption: some researchers thus hypothesize that the higher comfort and improved quality of time in driverless cars could lead to an increase in demand for driving with autonomous vehicles. So far, there is a lack of empirical evidence supporting either one or other of these hypotheses. To analyze the influence of autonomous driving on mobility behavior and to uncover user preferences, which serve as indicators for future travel mode choices, we conducted an online survey with a paired comparison of current and future travel modes with 302 participants in Germany. The results do not confirm the hypothesis that ownership will become an outdated model in the future. Instead they suggest that private cars, whether conventional or fully automated, will remain the preferred travel mode. At the same time, carsharing will benefit from full automation more than private cars. However, the findings indicate that the growth of carsharing will mainly be at the expense of public transport, showing that more emphasis should be placed in making public transport more attractive if sustainable mobility is to be developed.
Companies often have difficulties determining which criteria to base their investment decisions in different countries on. When considering direct foreign investment several risk indices are available. The PCI (Peren-Clement-Index) in its original form was developed in 1998. Its further refinement improves the PCI in three major ways: First, it offers a dynamic adjustment of criteria and consideration of recent changes in the international environment. Second, it provides business specificities of a company or its industrial sector to be considered in addition to macroeconomic aspects by a two-dimensional presentation, which ensures a customized assessment. Third, the PCI allows for consolidating investment decisions by combining a resource-orientated with a market-oriented view. The PCI allows, unlike other indices, a customized and company-specific strategic planning process. Ultimately companies must take up both perspectives in the context of an international investment decision. The use of risk indices in corporate planning for assessing global investments decision creates a fundamentally new of risk assessment.
The megatrends towards both a digital and a usership economy have changed entire markets in the past and will continue to do so over the next decades. In this work, we outline what this change means for possible futures of the mobility sector, taking the combination of trends in both economies into account. Using a sys-tematic, scenario-based trend analysis, we draft four general future scenarios and adapt the two most relevant scenarios to the automotive sector. Our findings show that combing the trends from both economies provides new insights that have often been neglected in literature because of an isolated view on digital technology only. However, service concepts such as self-driving car sharing or self-driving taxis have a great impact at various levels including microeconomic (e.g., service and product design, business models) and macroeconomic (e.g., with regard to ecological, economical, and social impacts). We give a brief outline of these issues and show which business mo dels could be successful in the most likely future scenarios, before we frame strategic implications for today’s automobile manufacturers.
Mobilitäts- und Nachhaltigkeitsforscher sehen sich bei der Erforschung des Mobilitätsverhaltens von Personen mit einer bunten Palette an Erhebungsmethoden konfrontiert. Erweitert wird diese Vielfalt in der letzten Zeit durch die Möglichkeit, dieses Verhalten direkt über die Smartphones der Probanden zu erfassen. Um die Auswahl geeigneter Methoden zu erleichtern, liefert die vorliegende Literaturstudie einen detaillierten Überblick zu Fragestellungen, Daten und Erhebungsmethoden, die im Bereich der Mobilitätsforschung zur Erfassung von Alltagsmobilität eingesetzt werden.
The development of fully automated vehicles is becoming more and more present in the social discussion. The image of fully automated cars is determined by automobile manufacturers and placed in the context of individual traffic. In contrast to fully autonomous private cars, fully automated public transport is already operating in some cities and is to be expanded in the future. Autonomous public transport offers great potential for the development and promotion of sustainable mobility concepts. However, the user acceptance is important for the enforcement and widespread use of these technical innovations. An online study on the acceptance of fully automated public transport based on quantitative data of a sample of N = 201 is presented. The results show a high level of familiarity with the topic and a very high level of overall intention to use fully automated public transport in the future.
Advocates of autonomous driving predict that the occupation of taxi driver could be made obsolete by shared autonomous vehicles (SAV) in the long term. Conducting interviews with German taxi drivers, we investigate how they perceive the changes caused by advancing automation for the future of their business. Our study contributes insights into how the work of taxi drivers could change given the advent of autonomous driving: While the task of driving could be taken over by SAVs for standard trips, taxi drivers are certain that other areas of their work such as providing supplementary services and assistance to passengers would constitute a limit to such forms of automation, but probably involving a shifting role for the taxi drivers, one which focuses on the sociality of the work. Our findings illustrate how taxi drivers see the future of their work, suggesting design implications for tools that take various forms of assistance into account, and demonstrating how important it is to consider taxi drivers in the co-design of future taxis and SAV services.