Refine
Department, Institute
- Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften (593) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (384)
- Conference Object (87)
- Part of a Book (57)
- Book (18)
- Doctoral Thesis (18)
- Report (16)
- Preprint (5)
- Conference Proceedings (2)
- Contribution to a Periodical (2)
- Bachelor Thesis (1)
Year of publication
Language
- English (476)
- German (115)
- Multiple languages (1)
- Turkish (1)
Keywords
- GC/MS (13)
- Lignin (9)
- lignin (8)
- stem cells (7)
- Chemie (5)
- Lehrbuch (5)
- Organic aciduria (5)
- cytokine-induced killer cells (5)
- Analytical pyrolysis (4)
- Biomass (4)
- CD21 (4)
- Corrosion inhibitors (4)
- Inborn error of metabolism (4)
- Ketolysis (4)
- Polymers (4)
- Regenerative medicine (4)
- Tissue engineering (4)
- apoptosis (4)
- biomaterial (4)
- drug release (4)
- immunotherapy (4)
- organic aciduria (4)
- osteogenesis (4)
- Arthritis (3)
- Chromatography (3)
- Crystallinity (3)
- Dielectric analysis (3)
- Explosives (3)
- Failure analysis (3)
- Gene expression (3)
- K/BxN (3)
- Ketogenesis (3)
- Kriminalistik (3)
- Malaria (3)
- Mass spectrometry (3)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (3)
- Metabolic acidosis (3)
- Miscanthus (3)
- Plasmodium (3)
- Primary long-chain alkyl amines (3)
- Pyrolysis (3)
- Scaffolds (3)
- Stem cells (3)
- angiogenesis (3)
- autophagy (3)
- biomass (3)
- bone (3)
- breast cancer (3)
- differentiation (3)
- extraction (3)
- hydrogel (3)
- mesenchymal stem cells (3)
- metabolic acidosis (3)
- organosolv (3)
- preceramic paper (3)
- scaffold (3)
- scaffolds (3)
- shedding (3)
- tissue engineering (3)
- ACAT1 (2)
- Additives (2)
- Adipose tissue (2)
- Aluminiumoxid (2)
- Aminoacylase (2)
- Analytik (2)
- Analytische Chemie (2)
- Anoplophora glabripennis (2)
- Antioxidant activity (2)
- Automotive industry (2)
- B cell activation (2)
- Biomaterials (2)
- Biomineralization (2)
- Bone (2)
- CIK cells (2)
- Canavan disease (2)
- Chemometrics (2)
- Complement receptor (2)
- Complement receptor 2/CD21 (2)
- Complex modulus (2)
- Cysteine proteases (2)
- Dental follicle (2)
- Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (2)
- Diabetes (2)
- Differentiation (2)
- Enzyme activity (2)
- Extrusion blow molding (2)
- Fatty acid metabolism (2)
- Folin-Ciocalteu assay (2)
- GC-FID/NPD (2)
- GLYCTK (2)
- HMGCL (2)
- HPLC (2)
- Hyperspectral image (2)
- Ion viscosity (2)
- Ketoacidosis (2)
- Ketone body (2)
- Ketone body utilization (2)
- Lignocellulose feedstock (2)
- Massenspektrometrie (2)
- Microorganisms (2)
- Miscanthus x giganteus (2)
- Molecular dynamics (2)
- Osteogenesis (2)
- Oxidative stress (2)
- Principal Components Analysis (2)
- Pten (2)
- Raman microscopy (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Renewable resource (2)
- Resins (2)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (2)
- Shedding (2)
- Styrene (2)
- Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) (2)
- TD-GC/MS (2)
- TNT (2)
- VOC (2)
- additive (2)
- alumina (2)
- antimicrobial activity (2)
- antioxidant (2)
- antioxidant activity (2)
- bone regeneration (2)
- bone tissue engineering (2)
- cell death (2)
- chemometrics (2)
- cysteine proteases (2)
- cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells (2)
- d-Glycerate kinase deficiency (2)
- d-Glyceric aciduria (2)
- dielectric analysis (2)
- extrusion blow molding (2)
- force generation (2)
- fruit quality (2)
- human cathepsins (2)
- identification (2)
- image fusion (2)
- inborn error of metabolism (2)
- insulin resistance (2)
- isoleucine (2)
- ketogenesis (2)
- ketolysis (2)
- ketone body (2)
- kraft lignin (2)
- leucine (2)
- lignocellulose feedstock (2)
- low-input crops (2)
- mechanical properties (2)
- metabolic decompensation (2)
- monolignol ratio (2)
- multivariate data processing (2)
- myosin (2)
- nitrile inhibitors (2)
- pansharpening (2)
- paper-derived ceramic (2)
- photolysis (2)
- pioglitazone (2)
- polymers (2)
- reaction kinetics (2)
- stem cell (2)
- thiazolidinediones (2)
- total phenol content (2)
- type 2 diabetes (2)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (2)
- 1-MCP (1)
- 3-hydroxy-n-butyric acid (1)
- 31P NMR (1)
- 3D activity landscapes (1)
- 5-Oxoprolinase (1)
- 5-oxoprolinuria (1)
- ADP release (1)
- AMT (1)
- AOP (1)
- ASIC (1)
- ASPA (1)
- ATF4 (1)
- ATF6 (1)
- ATPase cycle (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abies nordmanniana (1)
- Abies procera (1)
- Abiotic stress (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (1)
- Active site mapping (1)
- Activity-based probes (1)
- Acylpeptide hydrolase (1)
- Additiv (1)
- Additive (1)
- Adipogenesis (1)
- Adipogenic effect (1)
- Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (1)
- AdoMETDC (1)
- Adult Stem Cells/physiology (1)
- Affinity proteomics (1)
- Age estimation (1)
- Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (1)
- Aglaonema hookerianum (1)
- Aminoacylase 1 (1)
- Amplifiers (1)
- Analytical Chemistry (1)
- Analytics (1)
- Analytik Praktikum (1)
- Angiogenesis (1)
- Ankle Joint (1)
- Ankle thickness (1)
- Antibodies* (1)
- Antibody Induced Arthritis (1)
- Antidepressant (1)
- Antimicrobial activity (1)
- Antioxidans (1)
- Antioxidant assays (1)
- Antioxidative Capacity (1)
- Antioxidatives Potential (1)
- Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (1)
- Anxiolytic (1)
- Apheresis therapy (1)
- Aphrodisiac effects (1)
- Apple replant disease (1)
- Area under the curve (1)
- Articular Cartilage (1)
- Aspartic acid racemization (1)
- Aspartoacylase (1)
- Assay development (1)
- Asymmetric cell division (1)
- Atherosclerosis (1)
- Aufgabensammlung (1)
- Autism (1)
- Autoantibody (1)
- Automated Coating (1)
- Automated PyMS (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automobilindustrie (1)
- Automotive Industry (1)
- Autophagy induction (1)
- B Defects (1)
- B Interfaces (1)
- B cells (1)
- B lymphocyte (1)
- BLAST (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Bactericidal effect (1)
- BcL-2 family (1)
- Bcl-2 (1)
- Beech wood (1)
- Beta-ketothiolase (1)
- Beta-ketothiolase deficiency (1)
- Biaxiality (1)
- BioMark HD microfluidic system (1)
- Bioactive (1)
- Bioactive factors (1)
- Bioactivity (1)
- Bioaktiv (1)
- Bioaktive Verbindung (1)
- Bioaktivität (1)
- Bioassay (1)
- Biobased polymeric material (1)
- Biochemische Analyse (1)
- Biological therapy (1)
- Bioluminescence (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Biomaterialien (1)
- Biorefinery (1)
- Blood glucose meter (1)
- Bond strength (1)
- Bone marrow-derived stem cells (1)
- Bulk detection (1)
- Bulk fill (1)
- C-19 steroid (1)
- CD146 (1)
- CD30+ cells (1)
- CD40 (1)
- CDKN1B (1)
- CFTR mutations (1)
- CIK-Zellen (1)
- CR2 (1)
- CTNNB1 (1)
- CYP2C19 (1)
- CYP2C8 variants (1)
- CYP2C9 (1)
- CYP2D6 (1)
- Caffeine-containing drinks (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium Intracellular Release (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Camphorquinone (1)
- Cannabinoids (1)
- Canola (1)
- Carbapenem (1)
- Carboxen-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1)
- Carboxy-terminal fragments (1)
- Cardiovascular Disease (1)
- Cartilage Destruction (1)
- Catalyst Ink (1)
- Catalyst Layer (1)
- Cathepsin B (1)
- Cathepsin S (1)
- Cathepsins (1)
- Cell Cycle (1)
- Cell Differentiation (1)
- Cell Differentiation/physiology (1)
- Cell Signaling (1)
- Cell activation (1)
- Cell lineage (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Chaetocin (1)
- Chemical imaging (1)
- Chemical resource (1)
- Chemicals (1)
- Chemische Analyse (1)
- Chiral-nematischer Flüssigkristall (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chromatographie (1)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1)
- Classification (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Collagen (1)
- Collision induced dissociation (1)
- Color/Spot-Test (1)
- Complement (1)
- Complement receptor 2 (1)
- Complement receptor 2 /CD21 (1)
- Composite resin (1)
- Composites (1)
- Compressive strength (1)
- Confocal microscopy (1)
- Corrosion protction (1)
- Coumarins (1)
- Crack formation (1)
- Curie-point pyrolysis (1)
- Curing behavior (1)
- Curing depth (1)
- Curing kinetics (1)
- Cytokine (1)
- Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells (1)
- D Multilayer (1)
- D Nickel alloy (1)
- D Zirconium oxide (1)
- DIDMOAD (1)
- DMA (1)
- DMFC (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA Transcription (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA interaction (1)
- DNA profiling (1)
- DNA typing (1)
- DOSY (1)
- DSC (1)
- Daptomycin (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Defense and security (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Degradation products (1)
- Degraded DNA (1)
- Degree of conversion (1)
- Dehydrogenase (1)
- Dental (1)
- Dental composites (1)
- Dental material (1)
- Dental resin (1)
- Depth Of Cure (1)
- Derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (1)
- Desinfektion (1)
- Detektion von Explosivstoffen (1)
- Development (1)
- Diabetes mellitus (1)
- Diaminphenylderivat (1)
- Didaktik (1)
- Dielectric analysis (DEA) (1)
- Differenzierung (1)
- Dimethacrylate (1)
- Diodes (1)
- Discriminant analysis (1)
- Diselenide bridge (1)
- Docking (1)
- Draw ratio (1)
- Drug target (1)
- Duroplast (1)
- Dynamic mechanical analysis (1)
- Dystonia (1)
- E. coli (1)
- EIF-5A (1)
- ENaC (1)
- EPS (1)
- Echtzeitüberwachung (1)
- Ectodomain shedding (1)
- Effect of post-irradiation curing (1)
- Einführung (1)
- Elution (1)
- Enantioselective gas chromatography (1)
- Endoplasmatic reticulum (1)
- Endosomes (1)
- Endothelial cells (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Engineering plastics (1)
- Enzyme activity assays (1)
- Epilepsy (1)
- Epitope mapping: Epitope extraction (1)
- Ernte (1)
- European horse chestnut (1)
- Eutectic Ti-Fe alloys (1)
- Evaluation of curing (1)
- Expanded polystyrene (EPS) (1)
- Explosivstoff (1)
- FOXP3 (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Fabry disease (1)
- Fatigue crack growth (1)
- Fertigation (1)
- Festigkeitslehre (1)
- Fiber reinforcement (1)
- Fiber-optic probe (1)
- Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) (1)
- Filler content (1)
- Fingerprint powder (1)
- Flow direction (1)
- Fluorescence-quenched substrates (1)
- Foaming (1)
- Folin–Ciocalteu assay (1)
- Food intolerance (1)
- Food packaging (1)
- Forensic genomics (1)
- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Frequenzauswertung (1)
- Fructose (1)
- Furnace pyrolyzer (1)
- Fährverkehr (1)
- GC (1)
- GC-FID (1)
- GC–MS (1)
- Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) (1)
- Gas Chromatography (1)
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1)
- Gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (1)
- Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (1)
- Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (1)
- Gas sensors (1)
- Gas turbines (1)
- Gasanalyse (1)
- Gaschromatographie (1)
- Gelatin Zymography (1)
- Gene Expression Regulation (1)
- Genes (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Genotyp (1)
- Geopolymer (1)
- Geruchssinn (1)
- Ghanaian children (1)
- Glutathione (1)
- Glutathione synthetase (1)
- Glycerate (1)
- Glyceric aciduria (1)
- Glycine N-Acyltransferase (GLYAT) (1)
- Glycine conjugation (1)
- Glycopeptides (1)
- Graft material (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Green fluorescent protein (1)
- Growth (1)
- HPTLC (1)
- HS SPME (1)
- HSD10 (1)
- HSQC NMR (1)
- Hands-On Learning/Manipulatives (1)
- Hard tissue (1)
- Hardness mapping (1)
- Hazardous material detection (1)
- Headspace SPME (1)
- Health care policy (1)
- Heparanase (1)
- Heparin (1)
- Heterogenes Sensorsystem (1)
- High speed tensile testing (1)
- High strain rate (1)
- High temperature deformation (1)
- High temperature laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Hochschule (1)
- Home made explosives (1)
- Homemade explosives (1)
- Homeobox (1)
- Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination Irreversible inhibition (1)
- Humans (1)
- Hydraulic cylinders (1)
- Hyperammonemia (1)
- Hypoglycemia (1)
- Hypusine (1)
- IED (1)
- IRE1 (1)
- Identification (1)
- Immunoadsorption (1)
- Immunology* (1)
- Improvised explosive devices (1)
- In silico epitope prediction (1)
- Inborn errors of metabolism (1)
- Indentation techniques (1)
- Industrial applications (1)
- Infrarotmikroskopie (1)
- Inherited metabolic disorders (1)
- Instrumental analysis (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Insulin glulisine (1)
- Intact proinsulin (1)
- Interface (1)
- Ion mobility (1)
- Ionenbeweglichkeitsspektroskopie (1)
- Irradiance Distribution (1)
- Irradiance distribution (1)
- Isoleucine (1)
- Isoleucine degradation (1)
- Isomers (1)
- Isovaleric acidemia (1)
- Joint Destruction (1)
- Juvenile arthritis (JA) (1)
- K/BxN mouse model (1)
- K/B×N model (1)
- Kardioprotektion (1)
- Ketoasidoz (1)
- Ketone body synthesis (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Knoop micro-hardness (1)
- Koagulation (1)
- Koaxiales Elektrospinnen (1)
- Kozak-sequence (1)
- Kraft lignin (1)
- Kriminaltechnik (1)
- Kritische Infrastruktur (1)
- Kunststoffverpackung (1)
- LC-HRMS (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LET (1)
- LSPR (1)
- Laboratories and Demonstrations (1)
- Lamellae structure (1)
- Lanthanide luminescence (1)
- Laser drilling (1)
- Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (1)
- Laser-Beam Profiler (1)
- Laserbohren (1)
- Lasermaterialbearbeitung (1)
- Lebensmittelverpackungen (1)
- Leucine (1)
- Leucine degradation (1)
- Lexikon (1)
- Libido-booster (1)
- Ligand -Receptor Interactions* (1)
- Light Curing Units (1)
- Light attenuation (1)
- Light curing (1)
- Light curing units (1)
- Light limitation (1)
- Light measurement (1)
- Linezolid (1)
- Lipoaspirate (1)
- Lipoaspirates (1)
- Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Local mechanical properties (1)
- Local process-dependent properties (1)
- Locomotion (1)
- Long-chain N-1-alkyl-1,3-propanediamines (1)
- Luftfracht (1)
- Lysosome (1)
- Lysosomes (1)
- MALDI QIT TOF MS (1)
- MAP (1)
- MAPO (1)
- MCT (1)
- MMP-9 (1)
- MOCS1 (1)
- MOX Gassensoren (1)
- MPV17 monoclonal antibody (1)
- MRPP (1)
- MS (1)
- MS/MS peptide sequencing (1)
- MSCs (1)
- Macrophage (1)
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (1)
- Macrophages (1)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1)
- Mal d 1 (1)
- Malus genotypes (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Mars (1)
- Mars environment (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Mast cells (1)
- Materialverarbeitung (1)
- Matrix metalloproteases (1)
- Meat-associated Microorganisms (1)
- Mechanical properties of materials (1)
- Mehrachsigkeit (1)
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/cytology (1)
- Mesenchymal stern cells (1)
- Mesenchymal stromal cells (1)
- Metabolic decompensation (1)
- Metabolicdecompensation (1)
- Metal oxide gas sensors (1)
- Metals (1)
- Method validation (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methyltransferase (1)
- Michael acceptors (1)
- Micro-mechanical properties (1)
- Microcirculation (1)
- Microindentation (1)
- Micromanipulation (1)
- Microplastics (1)
- Miscanthus nagara (1)
- Miscanthus robustus (1)
- Miscanthus sinensis (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (1)
- Mitochondrial apoptogens (1)
- Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) (1)
- Mitochondrial tRNA (1)
- Mobile explosive identification (1)
- Moco deficiency (1)
- Mold temperature (1)
- Molecular Dynamics (1)
- Molecular weight (1)
- Molybdenum cofactor (1)
- Motion tracking (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Movement disorder (1)
- Multi-lineage differentiation (1)
- Multilineage potential (1)
- Multimodal hyperspectral data (1)
- Multivariate analysis (1)
- Mxi-2 (1)
- N-acetylaspartic acid (1)
- N-acylated amino acids (1)
- NAI (1)
- NDVI (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR spectroscopy (1)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nachwachsender Rohstoff (1)
- Nano-Systems (1)
- Nano-systems (1)
- Nanofibers (1)
- Native mass spectrometry (1)
- Near-field synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (1)
- Neugeborenenscreening (1)
- Neurometabolic disease (1)
- Neuropilin (1)
- Neuroprotective (1)
- Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Next generation sequencing (NGS) (1)
- Nitriles (1)
- Nitrogruppe (1)
- Non-covalent interaction MS* (1)
- Non-destructive (1)
- Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (1)
- OH-Zahl-Bestimmungen (1)
- OH-number (1)
- OXCT1 (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Optische Gassensorik (1)
- Organic acids (1)
- Organische Säuren (1)
- Organosolv (1)
- Organosolv lignin (1)
- Organosolv process (1)
- Organosolv-Verfahren (1)
- Orientation averaging (1)
- Osteogene Linie (1)
- Osteogenic differentiation (1)
- Osteogenic lineage (1)
- Ovarian cancer (1)
- Oxazolidinone antibiotics (1)
- P1 receptor (1)
- P2 receptor (1)
- P4 medicine (1)
- PD-1/CTLA-4 (1)
- PERK (1)
- PTHrP (1)
- PTR-MS (1)
- Partial least squares regression (1)
- Partikelverarbeitung (1)
- Pathogenic Bacteria (1)
- Pattern recognition (1)
- Patterning (1)
- Paulownia (1)
- Peptidomimetic inhibitors (1)
- Peroxisomes (1)
- Pervanadate (1)
- Pharmacogenetics (1)
- Phase II reaction (1)
- Phenol-Formaldehyd-Harze (1)
- Phenole-formaldehyde resin (1)
- Phenolic acids (1)
- Photoinitiator (1)
- Photopolymerization (1)
- Phycocyanin lyase (1)
- Physical sensors (1)
- Physiological stress responses in plants (1)
- Picea abies (1)
- Picea pungens (1)
- Plasmid DNA (pBR322) (1)
- Poly(acrylonitrile-co-1,3-butadiene-co-styrene)/polyamide 6 (ABS/PA 6) blends (1)
- Polymer Chemistry (1)
- Polymere (1)
- Polymers/copolymers (1)
- Polymorphism (1)
- Polyurethan (1)
- Polyurethan-Coatings (1)
- Polyurethanbeschichtungen (1)
- Polyurethane (1)
- Portland cement (1)
- Post-prandial metabolism (1)
- Poultry (1)
- Poultry meat (1)
- Poultry spoilage (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Primary explosives (1)
- Principal component analysis (1)
- Probabilistic methods (1)
- Probenahme (1)
- Programmed cell death (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promoter methylation (1)
- Propellants (1)
- Proteasome (1)
- Proteasome maturation (1)
- Protected cultivation (1)
- Protein complex analysis (1)
- Protein-protein interaction (1)
- Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Prunus avium L. (1)
- Präkeramische Papiere (1)
- Prüfungsvorbereitung (1)
- Ps. fluorescens (1)
- Pulping (1)
- Purinergic signaling (1)
- Py-EGA-MS (1)
- Pyroglutamic aciduria (1)
- Pyrolyse-GC/MS (1)
- Pyrolysis GC/MS (1)
- Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) (1)
- Pyrolysis-GC/FID (1)
- Pyrolysis-GC/MS (1)
- Pyrolysis-evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (1)
- Pyrolysis–GC/MS (1)
- Qualitative Analysis (1)
- Qualitative analysis (1)
- Quantification (1)
- Quasi equilibrium conditions (1)
- R751L (1)
- Radiation (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Raman-microspectroscopy (1)
- Rapeseed pomace (1)
- Rapid method (1)
- Real-time measurement (1)
- Receptors, Purinergic P2 (1)
- Receptors, Purinergic/genetics/physiology (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Research reproducibility and replicability (1)
- Resin based composite (1)
- Resin composite (1)
- Resin-based composites (1)
- Resource Planning (1)
- Restorative composite (1)
- Reversible inhibition (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rheology (1)
- Rubbers (1)
- S-sulfocysteine (1)
- SAM486A (1)
- SARS-COV-2 virus (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SEC (1)
- SERS (1)
- SGN-35 (1)
- SLC (1)
- SOS-LUX test (1)
- SPME (1)
- Safety (1)
- Saponin (1)
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (1)
- Schadensanalyse (1)
- Schmauchspur (1)
- Schusswaffe (1)
- Sclera (1)
- Second-Year Undergraduate (1)
- Secondary compounds in plants (1)
- Secondary metabolism (1)
- Security (1)
- Selektives Screening (1)
- Selenocysteine (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Serine (1)
- Serine proteases (1)
- Sexual assault (1)
- Shear viscosity (1)
- Short tandem repeat (STR) (1)
- Sicherheitsmaßnahme (1)
- Sicherheitsplanung (1)
- Sicherheitstechnik (1)
- Silica gel (1)
- Silica-based nanobeads (1)
- Silphium (1)
- Simulated sunlight (1)
- Sinapine (1)
- Single Lens Reflex Camera (1)
- Single sperm cells (1)
- Skin cells (1)
- Skin flakes (1)
- Soluble CD21 (1)
- Soluble CD23 (1)
- Space (1)
- Sperm cells (1)
- Spermatozoa (1)
- Splicing (1)
- Spoilage (1)
- Spoilage bacteria (1)
- Sports doping (1)
- Sprengstoffspürhund (1)
- Sprouting (1)
- Spürhund (1)
- Stabilizer (1)
- Stammzelle (1)
- Static stiffness (1)
- Statik (1)
- Statistical methods (1)
- Steinzeug (1)
- Stem cell (1)
- Stem cell differentiation (1)
- Stereoisomers (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Storage modulus (1)
- Stress analysis (1)
- Stress strain relation (1)
- Studienfach (1)
- Study Island (1)
- Substrate mapping (1)
- Substrate specificity (1)
- Sulfite oxidase (1)
- Sulfonamides (1)
- Superconductivity (1)
- Supervised classification (1)
- Support vector machines (1)
- Surfaces, interfaces and thin films (1)
- Surveillance (1)
- Survey (1)
- Suspension (1)
- Synovial fluid (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Systemic lupus erythomatosus (SLE) (1)
- TATP (1)
- TOC (1)
- TOF (1)
- Tandem-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Targeted mass spectrometry (1)
- Technische Chemie (1)
- Telemedicine (1)
- Telogen hair (1)
- Temperaturgradienten (1)
- Template-mediation (1)
- Terbium(III) dipicolinic acid complex (1)
- Tetramerisation (1)
- Therapeutic antibodies* (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermal expansion (1)
- Thermoplastic polyurethanes (1)
- Thermormechanical fatigue/cycling (1)
- Thermoschockverhalten (1)
- Thiol antioxidants (1)
- Thyme (1)
- Thymian (1)
- Time dependency (1)
- Time–kill methodology (1)
- Tinten (1)
- Tissue-specific promoters (1)
- Total phenol content (1)
- Transcription Regulation (1)
- Transcriptional targeting (1)
- Transformation products (1)
- Transgenic mice (1)
- Trapped radicals (1)
- Truncated dhs (1)
- Type 2 diabetes (1)
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (1)
- UPR signaling (1)
- UV (1)
- UV Absorption (1)
- UV spectrum (1)
- UV-Absorption (1)
- UV-VIS (1)
- UV-vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ultimate coefficient of thermal expansion (1)
- Ultrafine microstructures (1)
- Ultrasonic studies (1)
- Unconjugated THC-COOH (1)
- Urea cycle defect (1)
- Urine organic acid analysis (1)
- Urothione (1)
- Valproic acid (1)
- Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1)
- Vascular cells (1)
- Vascular grafts (1)
- Vascular permeability (1)
- Vasculature (1)
- Vibrational microspectroscopy (1)
- Vickers hardness (1)
- Vim3 (1)
- Visceral lipid tissue (1)
- Visible light curing (1)
- Visible light curing resin (1)
- Visible light-curing (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (1)
- WAXS (1)
- Wasserverteilung (1)
- Werkstoffmodellierung (1)
- Western blot (1)
- Whole genome amplification (1)
- Whole genome amplification (WGA) (1)
- Wild Type Mouse (1)
- Wireless sensor network (1)
- Wnt/β-catenin (1)
- Wolframin (1)
- Wärmedämmschicht (1)
- X Thermal barrier coating (1)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) (1)
- XBP1 (1)
- XRD (1)
- Yield stress (1)
- Young’s modulus (1)
- Zahnfollikel (1)
- Zahnfüllung (1)
- Zytokin-induzierte Killerzellen (1)
- accelerated iron ions (1)
- accurate monitoring (1)
- acetoacetic acid (1)
- acetone (1)
- actin (1)
- actinometry (1)
- adoptive cell transfer (1)
- adverse effects (1)
- agarose (1)
- albuminuria (1)
- alkyl amines (1)
- allergenicity (1)
- allosteric communication (1)
- altered mitochondrial homeostasis (1)
- amelogenesis (1)
- amodiaquine (1)
- amorphous 2D polymer (1)
- angiodiabetes (1)
- anorganische Schmauchspur (1)
- antibody–drug conjugate (1)
- antimicrobial coatings (1)
- antimikrobielle Beschichtungen (1)
- antioxidative capacity (1)
- antiradical activity (1)
- apple allergy (1)
- apple replant disease (ARD) (1)
- arthritis (1)
- ash (1)
- astrobiology (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- autoimmune disease (1)
- automated sensor-screening (1)
- automotive paint (1)
- autophagy signaling pathways (1)
- bagasse (1)
- basalt (1)
- bdelloid rotifer (1)
- beta-ketothiolase (1)
- bio-innovation (1)
- bioactive factors (1)
- biobased plastics (1)
- biobasierte Kunststoffe (1)
- biocomposite (1)
- biomarker profile (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomolecules (1)
- biopolymer (1)
- biorefineries (1)
- black fungi (1)
- blebbistatin (1)
- blood glucose monitoring device (1)
- blood vessel (1)
- brain tumor (1)
- brightfield microscopy (1)
- brilliant green (1)
- bulk and local viscoelastic properties (1)
- bulk detection (1)
- bypass graft (1)
- cPMP (1)
- calendering (1)
- cancer (1)
- cancer treatment (1)
- cardiodiabetes (1)
- cardiovascular disease (1)
- cardiovascular replacement (1)
- cardiovascular risk (1)
- cartilage (1)
- caspase (1)
- caspases (1)
- cell harvesting (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cellulose saccharification (1)
- cementogenesis (1)
- ceramic (1)
- ceramics (1)
- chaetocin (1)
- chemotherapy (1)
- chiral-nematic (1)
- chitosan (1)
- cholesteric liquid crystals (1)
- chromatogram library (1)
- ciclopirox olamine (1)
- classification (1)
- clear cell renal cell carcinoma (1)
- clear coat (1)
- coagulation (1)
- coaxial electrospinning (1)
- coefficient of thermal expansion (1)
- collagen (1)
- common variable immunodeficiency (1)
- components (1)
- composites (1)
- conditioned media (1)
- confocal fluorescence microscopy (1)
- coniferous woods (1)
- contribution ratio (1)
- copolymers of methacrylic acid with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate macromonomers (1)
- cosmic rays (1)
- cost optimization (1)
- cracks (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- crystal violet (1)
- crystallinity (1)
- curing behavior (1)
- cysticfibrosis (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- data base search (1)
- data evaluation (1)
- defects (1)
- demethylation (1)
- dental polymers (1)
- dentinogenesis (1)
- dentogenesis (1)
- dependability analysis (1)
- designer drugs (1)
- determination of OH content (1)
- diabetic dyslipidemia (1)
- dielectric analysis (DEA) (1)
- dielektrická analýza (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (1)
- distribuce záření (1)
- distributed embedded computing system (1)
- draw ratio (1)
- drug detection (1)
- drug release materials (1)
- duty ratio (1)
- dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA) (1)
- eIF-5A (1)
- electroless copper deposition (1)
- electroretinography (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- endocytosis (1)
- endometrial carcinoma (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum stress (1)
- endothelial cell (1)
- endothelial cell differentiation (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- energy deposition (1)
- energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (1)
- enzyme activity (1)
- epithelial transport (1)
- epitope mapping (1)
- ethacrynic acid (1)
- evolution (1)
- explosives (1)
- explosives detection (1)
- extremophile (1)
- extremophiles (1)
- fatty acid metabolism (1)
- fish gill (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flow direction (1)
- fotokompozit (1)
- fractional activity (1)
- fungi (1)
- gas sensor (1)
- gas sensors (1)
- genetic polymorphism (1)
- genotype (1)
- geopolymer foam (1)
- glimepiride (1)
- glucocheck (1)
- glycerol (1)
- greenhouse bio-test (1)
- growth hormone (1)
- hard and soft tissue (1)
- hardness testing (1)
- harvest prediction (1)
- heart protection (1)
- heat shock proteins (1)
- heat shock response (1)
- heat-transfer method (1)
- heavy ion particle (HZE) radations (1)
- helical drilling (1)
- helical twisting power (1)
- hepatocellular carcinoma (1)
- high diagnostic coverage and reliability (1)
- high dynamic range resistance readout (1)
- high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (1)
- high-throughput qRT-PCR (1)
- histamine receptor (1)
- histamine receptor antagonist (1)
- histidine decarboxylase (1)
- histone deacetylase inhibitors (1)
- homemade explosives (1)
- homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (1)
- hyperammonemia (1)
- hypogammaglobulinemia (1)
- hypoglycemia (1)
- iPS cells (1)
- iPad (1)
- immunhistochemistry (1)
- immunology (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- improvised explosive devices (1)
- increments of retention indices (1)
- individualized therapy (1)
- infectious disease (1)
- intact proinsulin (1)
- interferon γ (1)
- internal drug exposure (1)
- intrinsic pathway (1)
- ion viscosity (1)
- isoleucine metabolism (1)
- isothermal (1)
- ketogenesis defects (1)
- ketogenez defektleri (1)
- ketoliz defektleri (1)
- ketolysis defects (1)
- keton bodies (1)
- ketone body synthesis (1)
- kinetika vytvrzování (1)
- klarzelliges Nierenzellkarzinom (1)
- leucine degradation (1)
- library free detection (1)
- life on Mars (1)
- light distribution (1)
- lignocellulose chemistry (1)
- lignocellulosic feedstock (1)
- lignocellulosic raw material (1)
- liquid crystal (1)
- long-term storage (1)
- low detection limits (1)
- low molecular weight (1)
- lung cancer (1)
- lymphoma (1)
- mTOR (1)
- major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) (1)
- material modelling (1)
- materials processing (1)
- maturity index (1)
- mechanical thinning (1)
- melanin (1)
- melt fraction (1)
- melt interconnection (1)
- member D (NKG2D) (1)
- mesenchymal stem cell (1)
- metabolic effects (1)
- miR-15 (1)
- miR-498 (1)
- micro processing (1)
- microdialysis (1)
- microindentation (1)
- mitochondrial biogenesis (1)
- mobile Explosivstoffdetektion (1)
- modeling (1)
- modelling (1)
- mold temperature (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- molecular motor (1)
- molecule-surface interactions (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- morphology (1)
- multiaxial stress state (1)
- multidimensional (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multiple myeloma (MM) (1)
- multiresolution analysis (1)
- multivariate data analysis (1)
- mutations (1)
- myogenesis (1)
- nano structured gas sensors (1)
- nanobodies (1)
- nanocrystalline diamond (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanostructured surfaces (1)
- natural fiber (1)
- natural killer group 2 (1)
- nitrogen dioxide (1)
- node involvement (1)
- non-HDL-C and Cardiovascular disease (1)
- non-apoptotic roles (1)
- nondestructive examination (1)
- nutrient germinants (1)
- nutrigenetics (1)
- nutrigenomics (1)
- odontogenic cells (1)
- organic acid analysis (1)
- organische Schmauchspur (1)
- osteoblast (1)
- osteoclast (1)
- oxalic acid (1)
- ozonation (1)
- ozone (1)
- p27 (1)
- panspermia (1)
- papier-abgeleitete Keramiken (1)
- papierabgeleitete Keramik (1)
- partial melting (1)
- particle processing (1)
- Patent (1)
- pathogenic microorganisms (1)
- peptide sequencing (1)
- perpendicular (1)
- personalized medicine (1)
- pharmacokinetics (1)
- phenylketonuria (1)
- photo-curing of polymers (1)
- photo-polymerization (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photonic sensing (1)
- physical sensors (1)
- phytoalexins (1)
- poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate macromonomers (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polyphenols (1)
- polysaccharide (1)
- polytunnel (1)
- polyurethane coatings (1)
- porosity (1)
- postmenopause (1)
- power industry (1)
- power stroke (1)
- precision (1)
- primary airway epithelial cells (1)
- primäre Explosivstoffe (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- proanthocyanidins (1)
- processing-structure-property relationship (1)
- prognosis (1)
- project-specific cost profile (1)
- proliferation (1)
- protected cultivation (1)
- proteomics (1)
- prototype apparatus (1)
- proximal tubule (1)
- präkeramisches Papier (1)
- purinergic receptor (1)
- purinergic receptors (1)
- pyrolysis-GC (1)
- pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass-spectrometry (1)
- pyroplastic deformation (1)
- pyroplastic index (1)
- pyroplastische Verformung (1)
- pyroplastischer Index (1)
- qPCR (1)
- real-time PCR (1)
- recurrent ketoacidotic episodes (1)
- redundancy (1)
- regenerative medicine (1)
- renal cancer (1)
- renal tubular cells (1)
- resin for 3D-printing (1)
- resistance (1)
- restenosis (1)
- retinal degeneration (1)
- rheology (1)
- rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- ring-size statistics (1)
- ripening (1)
- sCD21 (1)
- scanning tunnelling microscopy (1)
- scratch assay (1)
- seed coat (1)
- self-assembled monolayers (1)
- semiconducting metal oxide gas sensor array (1)
- semiconductors (1)
- sensitize (1)
- short-range correlation (1)
- single-domain antibody (1)
- single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA (1)
- sintering (1)
- sirtuins (1)
- size exclusion chromatography (1)
- skin cancer (1)
- smooth muscle cell (1)
- smooth muscle cell differentiation (1)
- soil properties (1)
- sol-gel support (1)
- spore resistance (1)
- sporegermination (1)
- stabiliser (1)
- steady-state concentration (1)
- stem cell niche (1)
- stent (1)
- stoneware (1)
- stress analysis (1)
- structural biology (1)
- structural coloration (1)
- structure prediction (1)
- sulfonylurea (1)
- superalloys (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surfaces (1)
- survival (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) (1)
- sweet sorghum (1)
- switchgear station (1)
- synthetic sapphire (1)
- system lay-out (1)
- tRNA processing (1)
- temperature influence (1)
- templates (1)
- temporomandibular joint (1)
- therapy (1)
- thermal barrier coating (1)
- thermal gradient (1)
- thermal insulation material (1)
- thermal shock behaviour (1)
- thermo-mechanical fatigue (1)
- thermogravimetric analysis (1)
- thermomechanical fatigue/cycling (1)
- thermomechanische Ermüdung (1)
- thin film (1)
- tiglyglycine (1)
- total phenolic content (1)
- transient kinetics (1)
- triacetone triperoxide (1)
- triphenylmethane dyes (1)
- tunable pitch (1)
- tunable sheet resistance (1)
- tungsten oxide (1)
- tvrdost (1)
- ultrapure water (1)
- ultrashort pulse laser (1)
- unfolded protein response (1)
- unfolded protein response (UPR) (1)
- viscoelastic properties (1)
- visible light curing resin based composites (1)
- viskoelastické vlastnosti (1)
- volatile organic compounds (1)
- vytvrzování světlem (1)
- water-to-land transition (1)
- whole-tooth regeneration (1)
- wound healing assay (1)
- yield (1)
- µCT (1)
- Überwachungstechnik (1)
- ß-OHB (1)
- ß-hydroxybutyrate (1)
- β-amino acids (1)
- β-catenin expression (1)
- β-cell dysfunction (1)
- β-cells (1)
- γ-glutamyl cycle (1)
Fabry disease (FD) is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder. Deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha‐galactosidase (GLA) leads to accumulation of potentially toxic globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on a multisystem level. Cardiac and cerebrovascular abnormalities as well as progressive renal failure are severe, life‐threatening long‐term complications. The complete pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in FD and the role of tubular involvement for its progression are unclear.
We established human renal tubular epithelial cell lines from the urine of male FD patients and male controls. The renal tubular system is rich in mitochondria and involved in transport processes at high energy costs. Our studies revealed fragmented mitochondria with disrupted cristae structure in FD patient cells. Oxidative stress levels were elevated and oxidative phosphorylation was up‐regulated in FD pointing at enhanced energetic needs. Mitochondrial homeostasis and energy metabolism revealed major changes as evidenced by differences in mitochondrial number, energy production and fuel consumption. The changes were accompanied by activation of the autophagy machinery in FD. Sirtuin1, an important sensor of (renal) metabolic stress and modifier of different defense pathways, was highly expressed in FD.
Our data show that lysosomal FD impairs mitochondrial function and results in severe disturbance of mitochondrial energy metabolism in renal cells. This insight on a tissue‐specific level points to new therapeutic targets which might enhance treatment efficacy.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
(2021)
DNA Sequencing
(2021)
Isolation of DNA and RNA
(2021)
As a low-input crop, Miscanthus offers numerous advantages that, in addition to agricultural applications, permits its exploitation for energy, fuel, and material production. Depending on the Miscanthus genotype, season, and harvest time as well as plant component (leaf versus stem), correlations between structure and properties of the corresponding isolated lignins differ. Here, a comparative study is presented between lignins isolated from M. x giganteus, M. sinensis, M. robustus and M. nagara using a catalyst-free organosolv pulping process. The lignins from different plant constituents are also compared regarding their similarities and differences regarding monolignol ratio and important linkages. Results showed that the plant genotype has the weakest influence on monolignol content and interunit linkages. In contrast, structural differences are more significant among lignins of different harvest time and/or season. Analyses were performed using fast and simple methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Data was assigned to four different linkages (A: β-O-4 linkage, B: phenylcoumaran, C: resinol, D: β-unsaturated ester). In conclusion, A content is particularly high in leaf-derived lignins at just under 70% and significantly lower in stem and mixture lignins at around 60% and almost 65%. The second most common linkage pattern is D in all isolated lignins, the proportion of which is also strongly dependent on the crop portion. Both stem and mixture lignins, have a relatively high share of approximately 20% or more (maximum is M. sinensis Sin2 with over 30%). In the leaf-derived lignins, the proportions are significantly lower on average. Stem samples should be chosen if the highest possible lignin content is desired, specifically from the M. x giganteus genotype, which revealed lignin contents up to 27%. Due to the better frost resistance and higher stem stability, M. nagara offers some advantages compared to M. x giganteus. Miscanthus crops are shown to be very attractive lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) for second generation biorefineries and lignin generation in Europe.
New sustainable, environmentally friendly materials for thermal insulation of buildings are necessary to reduce their carbon footprints. In this study, Miscanthus fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites, foamed with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were developed using fly ash as a geopolymer precursor. The effects of fiber content, fiber size, curing temperature, foaming agent content, fumed silica specific surface area and fumed silica content on thermal conductivity and compressive strength were evaluated using a Plackett-Burman design of experiment. Furthermore, the microstructure of geopolymer composites was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The measured characteristic values were in the following ranges: Thermal conductivity 0.057 W (m K)−1 to 0.127 W (m K)−1, compressive strength 0.007 MPa–0.719 MPa and porosity 49 vol% to 76 vol%. The results reveal an enhancement of thermal conductivity by elevated fiber size and foaming agent content. In contrast, the compressive strength is enhanced by high fiber content. Additionally, SEM images indicate a good interaction between the fibers and the geopolymer matrix, because nearly the whole fiber surface is covered by the geopolymer.
A series of reactive binaphthyl‐diimine‐based dopants is prepared and investigated with respect to their potential for the chiral induction of structural coloration in nematic liquid crystal mixture E7 and the selective photonic sensing of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Studies of the helical twisting power (HTP) in 4‐cyano‐4′‐pentylbiphenyl (5CB) reveal HTP values as high as 375 µm‐1 and the tremendous impact of structural compatibility and changes of the dihedral binaphthyl angle on the efficiency of the chiral transfer. Detailed investigation of the sensing capabilities of the systems reveals an extraordinarily high selectivity for NO2 and a response to concentrations as low as 100 ppm. The systems show a direct response to the analyte gas leading to a concentration‐dependent shift of the reflectance wavelength of up to several hundred nanometers. Incorporation of copper ions remarkably improves the sensor's properties in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the tailored tweaking of the system's properties.
In thyroid carcinoma cells, the soluble βgalactosidespecific lectin, galectin3, is extra and intracellularly expressed and plays a significant role in thyroid cancer diagnosis. The functional relevance of this molecule, particularly in its extracellular environment however, warrants further elucidation. To gain insight into this topic, the present study characterized principal functional properties of galectin3 in 3 commonly used thyroid carcinoma cell lines (BCPAP, Cal62 and FTC133) that express the molecule intra and extracellulary. Cellintrinsic galectin3 harbors a functional carbohydrate recognition domain as determined by affinity purification. Moreover, cell surface expressed galectin3 can be partially removed by treatment with lactose or asialofetuin, but not with sucrose. Thyroid carcinoma cells adhere to substratebound galectin3 in a βgalactosidespecific manner, whereby only cell adhesion, but not cell migration is promoted. Thus, thyroid tumor cells harbor functional active galectin3 that, inter alia, specifically interacts with cell surfaceexpressed molecular ligands in a βgalactosidedependent manner, whereby the molecule can at least interfere with cell adhesion. The modulation of galectin3 expression level or its ligands in such tumor cells could be of therapeutic interest and needs further experimental clarification.
Due to the use of fossil fuel resources, many environmental problems have been increasingly growing. Thus, the recent research focuses on the use of environment friendly materials from sustainable feedstocks for future fuels, chemicals, fibers and polymers. Lignocellulosic biomass has become the raw material of choice for these new materials. Recently, the research has focused on using lignin as a substitute material in many industrial applications. The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. DPPH assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity of Kraft lignin compared to Organosolv lignins from different biomasses. The purification procedure of Kraft lignin showed that double-fold selective extraction is the most efficient confirmed by UV-Vis, FTIR, HSQC, 31PNMR, SEC, and XRD. The antioxidant capacity was discussed regarding the biomass source, pulping process, and degree of purification. Lignin obtained from industrial black liquor are compared with beech wood samples: Biomass source influences the DPPH inhibition (softwood > grass) and the TPC (softwood < grass). DPPH inhibition affected by the polarity of the extraction solvent. Following the trend: ethanol > diethylether > acetone. Reduced polydispersity has positive influence on the DPPH inhibition. Storage decreased the DPPH inhibition but increased the TPC values. The DPPH assay was also used to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. In both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the highest addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source; Organosolv of softwood > Kraft of softwood > Organosolv of grass. Lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0-7 °C). Purification of Kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin leaching in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against food spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5% addition exhibited activity against both food spoilage bacteria.
The actomyosin system generates mechanical work with the execution of the power stroke, an ATP-driven, two-step rotational swing of the myosin-neck that occurs post ATP hydrolysis during the transition from weakly to strongly actin-bound myosin states concomitant with Pi release and prior to ADP dissociation. The activating role of actin on product release and force generation is well documented; however, the communication paths associated with weak-to-strong transitions are poorly characterized. With the aid of mutant analyses based on kinetic investigations and simulations, we identified the W-helix as an important hub coupling the structural changes of switch elements during ATP hydrolysis to temporally controlled interactions with actin that are passed to the central transducer and converter. Disturbing the W-helix/transducer pathway increased actin-activated ATP turnover and reduced motor performance as a consequence of prolonged duration of the strongly actin-attached states. Actin-triggered Pi release was accelerated, while ADP release considerably decelerated, both limiting maximum ATPase, thus transforming myosin-2 into a high-duty-ratio motor. This kinetic signature of the mutant allowed us to define the fractional occupancies of intermediate states during the ATPase cycle providing evidence that myosin populates a cleft-closure state of strong actin interaction during the weak-to-strong transition with bound hydrolysis products before accomplishing the power stroke.
Bedingt durch die zunehmende Rohstoffknappheit rückt die Suche nach alternativen, nachhaltigen Rohstoffen immer mehr in den Vordergrund. Im Hinblick auf effiziente chemische Verwertbarkeit bietet Lignin zahlreiche Vorteile für verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche, beispielsweise für biobasierte Polyurethanbeschichtungen, etwa zum Korrosionsschutz. Wesentliche Probleme bei der Verwendung von Lignin ergeben sich durch die Heterogenität dieses Naturstoffes sowie durch dessen geringe Polymerisations-Kompatibilität mit Polyolefinen; beide Faktoren beeinflussen u. a die mechanischen Eigenschaften entsprechender Lignin-basierter Polymere. Zudem hängt die konkrete Struktur und damit auch die physikalisch/chemischen Eigenschaften des Lignins stark von der jeweiligen Rohstoffquelle sowie dem Extraktionsverfahren ab.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Strukturaufklärung unmodifizierter und modifizierter Kraft-Lignine (KL) und die Untersuchung der Reaktivität aromatischer wie aliphatischer Hydroxygruppen in Abhängigkeit vom pH-Wert. Hierzu wurden unmodifizierte KL aus Schwarzlauge extrahiert und nachfolgend zunächst einer Soxhlet-Extraktion unterzogen, um in Methyltetrahydrofuran lösliche Lignin-Bestandteile – vornehmlich mit aromatischem Charakter – zu gewinnen und so eine verbesserte Löslichkeit auch im bei der nachfolgenden Polyurethansynthese als Lösemittel verwendeten THF zu gewährleisten. Überdies wurden die extrahierten KL via Demethylierung von Methoxygruppen chemisch modifiziert. Zudem wurde mittels nasschemischer Methoden sowie mit differentieller UV/VIS-Spektroskopie die Anzahl an für die Polymerisation erforderliche Hydroxygruppen quantifiziert. Im Anschluss erfolgte, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ökologischer und ökonomischer Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte, die Synthese Lignin-basierter und funktionalisierter Polyurethanbeschichtungen. Die Oberflächenfunktionalisierung gestattete die Verbesserung der Oberflächenhomogenität sowie - via blend formation - das Einbetten von TPM-Farbstoffen in die Coatings. Hinsichtlich des Einflusses des bei der Extraktion gewählten pH-Wertes (pH = 2 - 5) auf das Verhalten der so gewonnenen KL wurde eine Veränderung sowohl der Struktur der Lignine als auch deren thermischer Stabilität beobachtet. Zudem wurde nachgewiesen, dass mit steigendem pH-Wert die Funktionalität/Reaktivität der aromatischen wie aliphatischen Hydroxygruppen im Lignin zunimmt. Aus unmodifiziertem KL wurden erfolgreich homogene Lignin-basierte Polyurethan-Coatings (LPU-Coatings) synthetisiert; diese LPU-Coatings zeigten bei Verwendung von bei höheren pH-Werten extrahierten KL homogenere, hydrophobe Oberflächenbeschaffenheit sowie gute thermische Stabilität. Zusätzliche Modifizierung der KL durch Demethylierung führte wegen der gesteigerten Anzahl freier Hydroxygruppen zu moderater Reaktivitätssteigerung und damit zu weiterer Verbesserung der Oberflächeneigenschaften hinsichtlich einer homogenen Oberflächenstruktur und -brillanz. Im Hinblick auf den Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit wurden durch Syntheseoptimierung - bestehend aus Einstellung der Rohstoff-Korngröße, Ultraschallbehandlung und Verwendung des kommerziellen trifunktionellen Polyetherpolyols Lupranol® 3300 in Kombination mit Desmodur® L75 - die Löslichkeit von Lignin im Polyol sowie die thermische Stabilität der LPU-Coatings erhöht. Im Zuge der Syntheseoptimierungen konnte durch verkürzte Trocknungszeiten Energieeinsparung erzielt werden; zudem ließen sich dabei die eingesetzten Mengen kommerziell erhältlicher Chemikalien verringern; beide Einsparungen führten zu Kostenreduktion. Zugleich ließ sich so nicht nur der KL-Anteil im Polymer-Coating erhöhen: Durch eine optimierte wirtschaftliche Einstufensynthese ließ sich die Umsetzung dieser Vorgehensweise auch im Rahmen industrieller Anwendungen vereinfachen. Das Einbetten ausgewählter TPM-Farbstoffe (Kristallviolett und Brilliantgrün) in die LPU-Coatings durch blend formation führte nachweislich zu antimikrobieller Wirkung der Oberflächenbeschichtung, ohne dass die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit an Homogenität verlor. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit synthetisierten LPU-Coatings könnten zukünftig als Korrosionsschutz- und antimikrobielle-Beschichtungen ihre Anwendung finden, z. B. in der Landwirtschaft und im Bausektor.
Die im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit gewonnen Erkenntnisse liefern einen Beitrag zur strukturellen Aufklärung des komplexen Biopolymers Lignin. Darüber hinaus stellen die Untersuchungen und Ergebnisse eine Grundlage für eine nachhaltige Herstellung von Lignin-basierten Polymerbeschichtungen dar, die in Zukunft immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen werden.
Cysticfibrosis (CF) arises from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, resulting in progressiveand life-limiting respiratory disease. R751L is a rare CFTR mutation that is poorly characterized. Our aims were to describe theclinical and molecular phenotypes associated with R751L. Relevant clinical data were collected from three heterozygote individu-als harboring R751L (2 patients with G551D/R751L and 1 with F508del/R751L). Assessment of R751L-CFTR function was made inprimary human bronchial epithelial cultures (HBEs) andXenopusoocytes. Molecular properties of R751L-CFTR were investigatedin the presence of known CFTR modulators. Although sweat chloride was elevated in all three patients, the clinical phenotypeassociated with R751L was mild. Chloride secretion in F508del/R751L HBEs was reduced compared with non-CF HBEs and asso-ciated with a reduction in sodium absorption by the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). However, R751L-CFTR function inXenopusoocytes, together with folding and cell surface transport of R751L-CFTR, was not different from wild-type CFTR. Overall,R751L-CFTR was associated with reduced sodium chloride absorption but had functional properties similar to wild-type CFTR.This is thefirst report of R751L-CFTR that combines clinical phenotype with characterization of functional and biological proper-ties of the mutant channel. Our work will build upon existing knowledge of mutations within this region of CFTR and, importantly,inform approaches for clinical management. Elevated sweat chloride and reduced chloride secretion in HBEs may be due to al-ternative non-CFTR factors, which require further investigation.
Among the celestial bodies in the Solar System, Mars currently represents the main target for the search for life beyond Earth. However, its surface is constantly exposed to high doses of cosmic rays (CRs) that may pose a threat to any biological system. For this reason, investigations into the limits of resistance of life to space relevant radiation is fundamental to speculate on the chance of finding extraterrestrial organisms on Mars. In the present work, as part of the STARLIFE project, the responses of dried colonies of the black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus Culture Collection of Fungi from Extreme Environments (CCFEE) 515 to the exposure to accelerated iron (LET: 200 keV/μm) ions, which mimic part of CRs spectrum, were investigated. Samples were exposed to the iron ions up to 1000 Gy in the presence of Martian regolith analogues. Our results showed an extraordinary resistance of the fungus in terms of survival, recovery of metabolic activity and DNA integrity. These experiments give new insights into the survival probability of possible terrestrial-like life forms on the present or past Martian surface and shallow subsurface environments.
The simultaneous operation of multiple different semiconducting metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors is demanding for the readout circuitry. The challenge results from the strongly varying signal intensities of the various sensor types to the target gas. While some sensors change their resistance only slightly, other types can react with a resistive change over a range of several decades. Therefore, a suitable readout circuit has to be able to capture all these resistive variations, requiring it to have a very large dynamic range. This work presents a compact embedded system that provides a full, high range input interface (readout and heater management) for MOX sensor operation. The system is modular and consists of a central mainboard that holds up to eight sensor-modules, each capable of supporting up to two MOX sensors, therefore supporting a total maximum of 16 different sensors. Its wide input range is archived using the resistance-to-time measurement method. The system is solely built with commercial off-the-shelf components and tested over a range spanning from 100Ω to 5 GΩ (9.7 decades) with an average measurement error of 0.27% and a maximum error of 2.11%. The heater management uses a well-tested power-circuit and supports multiple modes of operation, hence enabling the system to be used in highly automated measurement applications. The experimental part of this work presents the results of an exemplary screening of 16 sensors, which was performed to evaluate the system’s performance.
Extremophiles are optimal models in experimentally addressing questions about the effects of cosmic radiation on biological systems. The resistance to high charge energy (HZE) particles, and helium (He) ions and iron (Fe) ions (LET at 2.2 and 200 keV/µm, respectively, until 1000 Gy), of spores from two thermophiles, Bacillushorneckiae SBP3 and Bacilluslicheniformis T14, and two psychrotolerants, Bacillus sp. A34 and A43, was investigated. Spores survived He irradiation better, whereas they were more sensitive to Fe irradiation (until 500 Gy), with spores from thermophiles being more resistant to irradiations than psychrotolerants. The survived spores showed different germination kinetics, depending on the type/dose of irradiation and the germinant used. After exposure to He 1000 Gy, D-glucose increased the lag time of thermophilic spores and induced germination of psychrotolerants, whereas L-alanine and L-valine increased the germination efficiency, except alanine for A43. FTIR spectra showed important modifications to the structural components of spores after Fe irradiation at 250 Gy, which could explain the block in spore germination, whereas minor changes were observed after He radiation that could be related to the increased permeability of the inner membranes and alterations of receptor complex structures. Our results give new insights on HZE resistance of extremophiles that are useful in different contexts, including astrobiology.
Background: Coniferous woods (Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach, Abies procera Rehd, Picea abies (L.) H.Karst, and Picea pungens Engelm.) could contain useful secondary metabolites to produce sustainable packaging materials, e.g., by substitution of harmful petrol-based additives in plastic packaging. This study aims to characterise the antioxidant and light-absorbing properties and ingredients of different coniferous wood extracts with regard to different plant fragments and drying conditions. Furthermore, the valorisation of used Christmas trees is evaluated. Methods: Different drying and extraction techniques were applied with the extracts being characterised by determining the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and absorbance in the ultraviolet range (UV). Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and an acid–butanol assay (ABA) were used to characterise the extract constituents. Results: All the extracts show a considerably high UV absorbance while interspecies differences did occur. All the fresh and some of the dried biomass extracts reached utilisable TAC and TPC values. A simplified extraction setup for industrial application is evaluated; comparable TAC results could be reached with modifications. Conclusion: Coniferous woods are a promising renewable resource for preparation of sustainable antioxidants and photostabilisers. This particularly applies to Christmas trees used for up to 12 days. After extraction, the biomass can be fully valorised by incorporation in paper packaging.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were easily and efficiently functionalised with highly cross-linked polyamines. The radical polymerisation of two bis-vinylimidazolium salts in the presence of pristine MWCNTs and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a radical initiator led to the formation of materials with a high functionalisation degree. The subsequent treatment with sodium borohydride gave rise to the reduction of imidazolium moieties with the concomitant formation of secondary and tertiary amino groups. The obtained materials were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, solid state 13C-NMR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), potentiometric titration, and temperature programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD). One of the prepared materials was tested as a heterogeneous base catalyst in C–C bond forming reactions such as the Knoevenagel condensation and Henry reaction. Furthermore, two examples concerning a sequential one-pot approach involving two consecutive reactions, namely Knoevenagel and Michael reactions, were reported.
The motor protein myosin drives a wide range of cellular and muscular functions by generating directed movement and force, fueled through adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Release of the hydrolysis product adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a fundamental and regulatory process during force production. However, details about the molecular mechanism accompanying ADP release are scarce due to the lack of representative structures. Here we solved a novel blebbistatin-bound myosin conformation with critical structural elements in positions between the myosin pre-power stroke and rigor states. ADP in this structure is repositioned towards the surface by the phosphate-sensing P-loop, and stabilized in a partially unbound conformation via a salt-bridge between Arg131 and Glu187. A 5 Å rotation separates the mechanical converter in this conformation from the rigor position. The crystallized myosin structure thus resembles a conformation towards the end of the two-step power stroke, associated with ADP release. Computationally reconstructing ADP release from myosin by means of molecular dynamics simulations further supported the existence of an equivalent conformation along the power stroke that shows the same major characteristics in the myosin motor domain as the resolved blebbistatin-bound myosin-II·ADP crystal structure, and identified a communication hub centered on Arg232 that mediates chemomechanical energy transduction.
Current knowledge about cell-biomaterial interactions is often based on 2D cell culture systems like protein-coated glass slides. However, such smooth surfaces cannot mimic the nanofibrous environment of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). It is therefore a major challenge to transfer the results from 2D surfaces to 3D protein scaffolds with biomimetic nanofiber architecture. To understand the influence of different protein topographies on the cell response we introduce a new process to fabricate binary collagen scaffolds of variable thickness with spatially controlled regions of nanofibrous and smooth topography. We used pH-induced self-assembly to prepare collagen nanofibers with diameters between 130 and 150 nm on glass surfaces, which were partly covered with a polymer mask. After cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, smooth collagen films were prepared on the remaining glass regions. Atomic force microscopy revealed a much lower surface roughness of smooth collagen compared to nanofibers.
Toshiyuki Fukao
(2020)
Development and Validation of a Rapid and Reliable Method for TPMT Genotyping using real-time PCR
(2012)
Discrimination and classification of eight strains related to meat spoilage microorganisms commonly found in poultry meat were successfully carried out using two dispersive Raman spectrometers (Microscope and Portable Fiber-Optic systems) in combination with chemometric methods. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Multi-Class Support Vector Machines (MC-SVM) were applied to develop discrimination and classification models. These models were certified using validation data sets which were successfully assigned to the correct bacterial genera and even to the right strain. The discrimination of bacteria down to the strain level was performed for the pre-processed spectral data using a 3-stage model based on PCA. The spectral features and differences among the species on which the discrimination was based were clarified through PCA loadings. In MC-SVM the pre-processed spectral data was subjected to PCA and utilized to build a classification model. When using the first two components, the accuracy of the MC-SVM model was 97.64% and 93.23% for the validation data collected by the Raman Microscope and the Portable Fiber-Optic Raman system, respectively. The accuracy reached 100% for the validation data by using the first eight and ten PC’s from the data collected by Raman Microscope and by Portable Fiber-Optic Raman system, respectively. The results reflect the strong discriminative power and the high performance of the developed models, the suitability of the pre-processing method used in this study and that the low accuracy of the Portable Fiber-Optic Raman system does not adversely affect the discriminative power of the developed models.
Background: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown their multipotential including differentiating towards endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages, which triggers a new interest for using hMSCs as a putative source for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Our recent publication has shown for the first time that purinergic 2 receptors are key players during hMSC differentiation towards adipocytes and osteoblasts. Purinergic 2 receptors play an important role in cardiovascular function when they bind to extracellular nucleotides. In this study, the possible functional role of purinergic 2 receptors during MSC endothelial and smooth muscle differentiation was investigated. Methods and Results: Human MSCs were isolated from liposuction materials. Then, endothelial and smooth muscle-like cells were differentiated and characterized by specific markers via Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunochemical stainings. Interestingly, some purinergic 2 receptor subtypes were found to be differently regulated during these specific lineage commitments: P2Y4 and P2Y14 were involved in the early stage commitment while P2Y1 was the key player in controlling MSC differentiation towards either endothelial or smooth muscle cells. The administration of natural and artificial purinergic 2 receptor agonists and antagonists had a direct influence on these differentiations. Moreover, a feedback loop via exogenous extracellular nucleotides on these particular differentiations was shown by apyrase digest. Conclusions: Purinergic 2 receptors play a crucial role during the differentiation towards endothelial and smooth muscle cell lineages. Some highly selective and potent artificial purinergic 2 ligands can control hMSC differentiation, which might improve the use of adult stem cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering in the future.
Space exposure experiments from the last 15 years have unexpectedly shown that several terrestrial organisms, including some multi-cellular species, are able to survive in open space without protection. The robustness of bdelloid rotifers suggests that these tiny creatures can possibly be added to the still restricted list of animals that can deal with the exposure to harsh condition of space. Bdelloids are one of the smallest animals on Earth. Living all over the world, mostly in semi-terrestrial environments, they appear to be extremely stress tolerant. Their desiccation tolerance at any stage of their life cycle is known to confer tolerance to a variety of stresses including high doses of radiation and freezing. In addition, they constitute a major scandal in evolutionary biology due to the putative absence of sexual reproduction for at least 60 million years. Adineta vaga, with its unique characteristics and a draft genome available, was selected by ESA (European Space Agency) as a model system to study extreme resistance of organisms exposed to space environment. In this manuscript, we documented the resistance of desiccated A. vaga individuals exposed to increasing doses of X-ray, protons and Fe ions. Consequences of exposure to different sources of radiation were investigated in regard to the cellular type including somatic (survival assay) and germinal cells (fertility assay). Then, the capacity of A. vaga individuals to repair DNA DSB induced by different source of radiation was investigated. Bdelloid rotifers represent a promising model in order to investigate damage induced by high or low LET radiation. The possibility of exposure both on hydrated or desiccated specimens may help to decipher contribution of direct and indirect radiation damage on biological processes. Results achieved through this study consolidate our knowledge about the radioresistance of A. vaga and improve our capacity to compare extreme resistance against radiation among living organisms including metazoan.
One of the primary current astrobiological goals is to understand the limits of microbial resistance to extraterrestrial conditions. Much attention is paid to ionizing radiation, since it can prevent the preservation and spread of life outside the Earth. The aim of this research was to study the impact of accelerated He ions (150 MeV/n, up to 1 kGy) as a component of the galactic cosmic rays on the black fungus C. antarcticus when mixed with Antarctic sandstones—the substratum of its natural habitat—and two Martian regolith simulants, which mimics two different evolutionary stages of Mars. The high dose of 1 kGy was used to assess the effect of dose accumulation in dormant cells within minerals, under long-term irradiation estimated on a geological time scale. The data obtained suggests that viable Earth-like microorganisms can be preserved in the dormant state in the near-surface scenario for approximately 322,000 and 110,000 Earth years within Martian regolith that mimic early and present Mars environmental conditions, respectively. In addition, the results of the study indicate the possibility of maintaining traces within regolith, as demonstrated by the identification of melanin pigments through UltraViolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric approach.
The development of metals tailored to the metallurgical conditions of laser-based additive manufacturing is crucial to advance the maturity of these materials for their use in structural applications. While efforts in this regard are being carried out around the globe, the use of high strength eutectic alloys have, so far, received minor attention, although previous works showed that rapid solidification techniques can result in ultrafine microstructures with excellent mechanical performance, albeit for small sample sizes. In the present work, a eutectic Ti-32.5Fe alloy has been produced by laser powder bed fusion aiming at exploiting rapid solidification and the capability to produce bulk ultrafine microstructures provided by this processing technique.
Process energy densities between 160 J/mm³ and 180 J/mm³ resulted in a dense and crack-free material with an oxygen content of ~ 0.45 wt.% in which a hierarchical microstructure is formed by µm-sized η-Ti4Fe2Ox dendrites embedded in an ultrafine eutectic β-Ti/TiFe matrix. The microstructure was studied three-dimensionally using near-field synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography with an actual spatial resolution down to 39 nm to analyse the morphology of the eutectic and dendritic structures as well as to quantify their mass density, size and distribution. Inter-lamellar spacings down to ~ 30–50 nm were achieved, revealing the potential of laser-based additive manufacturing to generate microstructures smaller than those obtained by classical rapid solidification techniques for bulk materials. The alloy was deformed at 600 °C under compressive loading up to a strain of ~ 30% without damage formation, resulting in a compressive yield stress of ~ 800 MPa.
This study provides a first demonstration of the feasibility to produce eutectic Ti-Fe alloys with ultrafine microstructures by laser powder bed fusion that are suitable for structural applications at elevated temperature.
This volume of the series Springer Briefs in Space Life Sciences explains the physics and biology of radiation in space, defines various forms of cosmic radiation and their dosimetry, and presents a range of exposure scenarios. It also discusses the effects of radiation on human health and describes the molecular mechanisms of heavy charged particles’ deleterious effects in the body. Lastly, it discusses countermeasures and addresses the vital question: Are we ready for launch?
Written for researchers in the space life sciences and space biomedicine, and for master’s students in biology, physics, and medicine, the book will also benefit all non-experts endeavoring to understand and enter space.
In forensic DNA profiling, the occurrence of complex mixed profiles is currently a common issue. Cases involving intimate swabs or skin flake tape liftings are prone to mixed profiles, because of more than one donor contributing to a DNA sample. By DNA profiling of single spermatozoa and skin flakes, problems associated with mixed profile could ideally be overcome. However, PCR is not a sensitive enough method to generate DNA profiles by STRs on single cells. Moreover, high quality intact DNA is required, but is not always available in skin flakes due to degradation. Additionally, single skin flakes are difficult to discriminate from other similar looking particles on tape liftings used to secure DNA samples from evidence. The main purpose of this study was to develop a method that enables DNA profiling of single sperm cells and skin flakes. After studying multiple whole genome amplification (WGA) protocols, REPLI-g Single Cell WGA was selected due to its suitability in the pre-amplification step of template DNA. Micromanipulation was used to isolate single spermatozoa. Furthermore, micromanipulation in combination with REPLI-g Single Cell WGA resulted in successful DNA profiling of single spermatozoa by using autosomal STRs as well as X- and Y-chromosomal STRs. The single spermatozoa DNA profiling method described in this thesis was successfully used to identify male contributors from mock intimate swabs with a mixture of semen from multiple male contributors. Different dyes were analysed to develop a staining method to discriminate skin flakes from other particles including particles such as those from hair cosmetic products. From all dyes tested, Orange G was the only dye which successfully discriminated skin flakes from hair product particles. Also, an alkaline based lysis protocol was developed that allowed PCR to be carried out directly on the lysates of single skin flakes. Furthermore, REPLI-g Single Cell WGA was tested on single skin flakes. In contrast to the single spermatozoa, REPLI-g Single Cell WGA was not successful in DNA profiling of single skin flakes. The single skin flake DNA profiling method described in this thesis was successfully used in correctly identifying contributors from mock mixed DNA evidence. Additionally, a small amplicon-based NGS method was tested on single skin flakes. Compared to the PCR and CE approach, the small amplicon-based NGS method improved DNA profiling of single skin flakes, giving a significant increase in allele recovery. In conclusion, this study shows circumventing mixtures is possible by DNA profiling of single spermatozoa, using micromanipulation and WGA. Furthermore, DNA profiling of single skin flakes has been improved by the staining of tape liftings methodology with Orange G, alkaline lysis, direct-PCR and a small amplicon-based NGS approach. Nonetheless, future work is required to assess the performance of the single spermatozoa method on mock swabs with more diluted semen. Also, commercially available NGS kits should be tested with single skin flakes and compared with the in-house NGS method.
The development of sustainable, environmentally friendly insulation materials with a reduced carbon footprint is attracting increased interest. One alternative to conventional insulation materials are foamed geopolymers. Similar to foamed concrete, the mechanical properties of geopolymer foams can also be improved by using fibers for reinforcement. This paper presents an overview of the latest research findings in the field of fiber-reinforced geopolymer foam concrete with special focus on natural fibers reinforcement. Furthermore, some basic and background information of natural fibers and geopolymer foams are reported. In most of the research, foams are produced either through chemical foaming with hydrogen peroxide or aluminum powder, or through mechanical foaming which includes a foaming agent. However, previous reviews have not sufficiently addresses the fabrication of geopolymer foams by syntactic foams. Finally, recent efforts to reduce the fiber degradation in geopolymer concrete are discussed along with challenges for natural fiber reinforced-geopolymer foam concrete.
This work presents the development of a measuring system for the quality control of ultrapure water. The new systems combines ozonation and UV radiation for the oxidation of organic substances. The change in conductivity caused by the oxidation is furthermore correlated with the TOC of the solution.
Development of colored surfaces by formation of nano-structured aggregates is a widely used strategy in nature to color lightweight structures (e.g. butterflies) without the use of dye pigments. The deposition of nanoscale particles mimics nature in it’s approach coloring surfaces. This work presents sol-gel modification of cellulose surfaces used to form a template for growth of Cu/Cu2O core-shell particles with defined size-distributions. Besides improving the adhesion of the deposited particulate material, the sol-gel matrix serves as a template for the control of particle sizes of the Cu/Cu2O structures, and as a consequence of particle size variation the surface color is tunable. As an example, red color was achieved with an average particle size of 35 nm, and shifts gradually to blue appearance when particles have grown to 80 nm on the sol-gel modified fabric. The copper concentration on representative fabrics is kept low to avoid modifying the textile characteristics and were all in the range of 150–170 mg per g of cellulose material. As a result of copper deposition on the surface of the material, the cellulose fabric also became electrically conductive. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity was found to be dependent on the average particle sizes of the deposits and thus related to the change in observed color. The generation of color by growth of nano-sized particles on sol-gel templates provides a highly promising approach to stain surfaces by physical effects without use of synthetic colorants, which opens a new strategy to improve environmental profile of coloration.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with subsequent chemometric evaluation was performed for the rapid and non-destructive differentiation of seven important meat-associated microorganisms, namely Brochothrix thermosphacta DSM 20171, Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 4358, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sv. Enteritidis DSM 14221, Listeria monocytogenes DSM 19094, Micrococcus luteus DSM 20030, Escherichia coli HB101 and Bacillus thuringiensis sv. israelensis DSM 5724. A simple method for collecting spectra from commercial paper-based SERS substrates without any laborious pre-treatments was used. In order to prepare the spectroscopic data for classification at genera level with a subsequent chemometric evaluation consisting of principal component analysis and discriminant analysis, a pre-processing method with spike correction and sum normalisation was performed. Because of the spike correction rather than exclusion, and therefore the use of a balanced data set, the multivariate analysis of the data is significantly resilient and meaningful. The analysis showed that the differentiation of meat-associated microorganisms and thereby the detection of important meat-related pathogenic bacteria was successful on genera level and a cross-validation as well as a classification of ungrouped data showed promising results, with 99.5 % and 97.5 %, respectively.
Carbachol dimers with primary carbamate groups as homobivalent modulators of muscarinic receptors
(2020)
With increasing life expectancy, demands for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration are becoming more significant. Despite great progress in medicine, including regenerative therapies, the complex structure of dental tissues introduces several challenges to the field of regenerative dentistry. Interdisciplinary efforts from cellular biologists, material scientists, and clinical odontologists are being made to establish strategies and find the solutions for dental tissue regeneration and/or whole-tooth regeneration. In recent years, many significant discoveries were done regarding signaling pathways and factors shaping calcified tissue genesis, including those of tooth. Novel biocompatible scaffolds and polymer-based drug release systems are under development and may soon result in clinically applicable biomaterials with the potential to modulate signaling cascades involved in dental tissue genesis and regeneration. Approaches for whole-tooth regeneration utilizing adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or tooth germ cells transplantation are emerging as promising alternatives to overcome existing in vitro tissue generation hurdles. In this interdisciplinary review, most recent advances in cellular signaling guiding dental tissue genesis, novel functionalized scaffolds and drug release material, various odontogenic cell sources, and methods for tooth regeneration are discussed thus providing a multi-faceted, up-to-date, and illustrative overview on the tooth regeneration matter, alongside hints for future directions in the challenging field of regenerative dentistry.
Coumarin as a structural component of substrates and probes for serine and cysteine proteases
(2020)
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are heterogeneous, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted T lymphocytes that have acquired the expression of several natural killer (NK) cell surface markers following the addition of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), OKT3 and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Treatment with CIK cells demonstrates a practical approach in cancer immunotherapy with limited, if any, graft versus host disease (GvHD) toxicity. CIK cells have been proposed and tested in many clinical trials in cancer patients by autologous, allogeneic or haploidentical administration. The possibility of combining them with specific monoclonal antibodies nivolumab and ipilimumab will further expand the possibility of their clinical utilization. Initially, phenotypic analysis was performed to explore CD3, CD4, CD56, PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression on CIK cells and PD-L1/PD-L2 expression on tumor cells. We further treated CIK cells with nivolumab and ipilimumab and measured the cytotoxicity of CIK cells cocultured to renal carcinoma cell lines, A-498 and Caki-2. We observed a significant decrease in viability of renal cell lines after treating with CIK cells (p < 0.0001) in comparison to untreated renal cell lines and anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 treatment had no remarkable effect on the viability of tumor cells. Using CCK-8, Precision Count Beads™ and Cell Trace™ violet proliferation assays, we proved significant increased proliferation of CIK cells in the presence of a combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies compared to untreated CIK cells. The IFN-γ secretion increased significantly in the presence of A-498 and combinatorial blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4 compared to nivolumab or ipilimumab monotreatment (p < 0.001). In conclusion, a combination of immune checkpoint inhibition with CIK cells augments cytotoxicity of CIK cells against renal cancer cells.
The globalisation and the increasing international trade have raised the number and risk of introduction of foreign species and invasive pests for years. Although native species have adapted to the native habitat over many years and generations, invasive intruders often possess characteristics that are superior to native species. Thus, and because of a lack of natural enemies, they bear the potential of decimation or complete displacement of the native species; furthermore, the introduction of pathogens or nematodes as a vector possesses a high damage potential. The available measures of the local plant protection services to combat invasive species are confined. They are limited to the felling of infested trees or plants and regular controls within the infested area. A spread of single infestations can thereby be prevented, but undetected infestations can unimpededly spread, which points out the main challenge: the detection of the species. This concerns the infestation in open land as well as the single animal on its path of introduction. Concerning the development of new adequate detection systems for invasive species, there is only little research activity going on. For other fields like detection of explosives or narcotics, the research activities date back for more than one decade and consequently there are detection systems available, which are, for example, used for explosive detection in airports. The detection principle bases on the chemistry of these substances.
2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase (beta-ketothiolase) deficiency: one disease - two pathways
(2020)
Background: 2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency (MATD; deficiency of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase T2/ “beta-ketothiolase”) is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketone body utilization and isoleucine degradation due to mutations in ACAT1.
Methods: We performed a systematic literature search for all available clinical descriptions of patients with MATD. Two hundred forty-four patients were identified and included in this analysis. Clinical course and biochemical data are presented and discussed.
Results: For 89.6% of patients at least one acute metabolic decompensation was reported. Age at first symptoms ranged from 2 days to 8 years (median 12 months). More than 82% of patients presented in the first 2 years of life, while manifestation in the neonatal period was the exception (3.4%). 77.0% (157 of 204 patients) of patients showed normal psychomotor development without neurologic abnormalities.
Conclusion: This comprehensive data analysis provides a systematic overview on all cases with MATD identified in the literature. It demonstrates that MATD is a rather benign disorder with often favourable outcome, when compared with many other organic acidurias.
Unter dem Begriff „Additive Fertigung“ werden alle Verfahren zusammengefasst, die dazu dienen Formteile aufgrund von CAD-Daten schichtweise aufzubauen. Dabei geschieht der Aufbau stets selektiv, entsprechend der durch die CAD-Daten vorgegebenen Positionen. Während für Metalle und Kunststoffe diese Technik bereits in der industriellen Anwendung etabliert ist, befindet sie sich im Bereich der keramischen Werkstoffe noch in einer frühen Entwicklungs- bzw. Anwendungsphase. Um so wichtiger ist es, den aktuellen Stand der Technik und das Potenzial für keramische Bauteile umfassend darzustellen.
Optical gas sensors based on chiral-nematic liquid crystals (N* LCs) forming one-dimensional photonic crystals do not require electrical energy and have a considerable potential to supplement established types of sensors. A chiral-nematic phase with tunable selective reflection is induced in a nematic host LC by adding reactive chiral dopants. The selective chemical reaction between dopant and analyte is capable to vary the pitch length (the lattice constant) of the soft, self-assembled, one-dimensional photonic crystal. The progress of the ongoing chemical reaction can be observed even by naked eye because the color of the samples varies. In this work, we encapsulate the responsive N* LC in microscale polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers via coaxial electrospinning. The sensor is, thus, given a solid form and has an improved stability against nonavoidable environmental influences. The reaction behavior of encapsulated and nonencapsulated N* LC toward a gaseous analyte is compared, systematically. Making use of the encapsulation is an important step to improve the applicability.
Explorative experiments were done to figure out differences in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of not infested trees and trees infested by Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorn beetle, ALB), a quarantine pest. Therefore, VOCs from some native insect species, Anoplophora glabripennis infested Acer, stressed Acer, healthy Acer, Populus and Salix were obtained by enrichment on adsorbents. Qualitative analysis was done by thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector (TD-GC/MS). Altogether 169 substances were identified. 11 substances occur from ALB infested or mechanically damaged trees i.e. stressed trees, but not from healthy trees. (+)-Cyclosativene, (+)-α-longipinene, copaene and caryophyllene are detectable only from ALB-infested Acer not from mechanically damaged or healthy Acer. However, these substances are also emitted by healthy Salix. 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene is among all tree samples exclusively present in the ambience of ALB-infested trees. It´s rarely detectable from native insect species’ samples.
Analytische Chemie II
(2020)
Dieses Arbeitsbuch führt durch das erfolgreiche Lehrbuch Skoog/Holler/Crouch, Instrumentelle Analytik und ist vor allem für das Selbststudium konzipiert. In fünf Teilen werden die Vorlesungsinhalte der fortgeschritteneren Analytischen Chemie zusammengefasst und anhand ausgewählter Beispiele erläutert: Mit der Untersuchung von Molekülen befassen sich Massenspektrometrie und Kernresonanzspektroskopie, zudem werden zahlreiche elektroanalytische Methoden wie Potentiometrie, Coulometrie, Amperometrie und Voltammetrie behandelt. In einem Überblick über speziellere Verfahren der Analytik geht es unter anderem ebenso um den Einsatz radioaktiver Substanzen und die Nutzung verschiedener Fluoreszenzverfahren wie um Methoden der Informationsgewinnung in der zunehmend wichtigen elektrochemischen und optischen Sensortechnik sowie deren Automatisierbarkeit. Den Abschluss bildet eine Zusammenfassung verschiedener Prinzipien und Anwendungsmethoden der Statistik, die im Rahmen der Analytik schlichtweg unverzichtbar sind. Um das selbstständige Lernen zu erleichtern, wird dabei in allen Teilen des Buches immer wieder auf essenzielle Abschnitte und Abbildungen des Lehrbuches verwiesen.
Miscanthus crops possess very attractive properties such as high photosynthesis yield and carbon fixation rate. Because of these properties, it is currently considered for use in second-generation biorefineries. Here we analyze the differences in chemical composition between M. x giganteus, a commonly studied Miscanthus genotype, and M. nagara, which is relatively understudied but has useful properties such as increased frost resistance and higher stem stability. Samples of M. x giganteus (Gig35) and M. nagara (NagG10) have been separated by plant portion (leaves and stems) in order to isolate the corresponding lignins. The organosolv process was used for biomass pulping (80% ethanol solution, 170 °C, 15 bar). Biomass composition and lignin structure analysis were performed using composition analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to determine the 3D structure of the isolated lignins, monolignol ratio and most abundant linkages depending on genotype and harvesting season. SEC data showed significant differences in the molecular weight and polydispersity indices for stem versus leaf-derived lignins. Py-GC/MS and hetero-nuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR revealed different monolignol compositions for the two genotypes (Gig35, NagG10). The monolignol ratio is slightly influenced by the time of harvest: stem-derived lignins of M. nagara showed increasing H and decreasing G unit content over the studied harvesting period (December–April).
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source for Regenerative Dentistry in particular due to their ability to differentiate towards osteoblasts, among other lineages. Tooth and jaw bone loss are frequent sequelae of traumatic and pathological conditions in both the young and the elderly and must be met by appropriate prosthetic replacements. For successful osseointegration of the dental implant a sufficient bone level is necessary. Besides the utilization of bone autografts or synthetic biomaterials, medical research is more and more focused on the utilization of MSCs. Compared to cells obtained from
liposuction material, ectomesenchymal stem cells derived from the head area e.g. out of dental follicles or particulate, non-vascularized bone chips show a higher differentiation potential towards osteoblasts.
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a soil-borne disease, which is of particular importance for fruit tree nurseries and fruit growers. The disease manifests by a poor vegetative development, stunted growth, and reduced yield in terms of quantity and quality, if apple plants (usually rootstocks) are replanted several times at the same site. Genotype-specific differences in the reaction of apple plants to ARD are documented, but less is known about the genetic mechanisms behind this symptomatology. Recent transcriptome analyses resulted in a number of candidate genes possibly involved in the plant response. In the present study, the expression of 108 selected candidate genes was investigated in root and leaf tissue of four different apple genotypes grown in untreated ARD soil and ARD soil disinfected by γ-irradiation originating from two different sites in Germany. Thirty-nine out of the 108 candidate genes were differentially expressed in roots by taking a p-value of < 0.05 and a fold change of > 1.5 as cutoff. Sixteen genes were more than 4.5-fold upregulated in roots of plants grown in ARD soil. The four genes MNL2 (putative mannosidase); ALF5 (multi antimicrobial extrusion protein); UGT73B4 (uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase 73B4), and ECHI (chitin-binding) were significantly upregulated in roots. These genes seem to be related to the host plant response to ARD, although they have never been described in this context before. Six of the highly upregulated genes belong to the phytoalexin biosynthesis pathway. Their genotype-specific gene expression pattern was consistent with the phytoalexin content measured in roots. The biphenyl synthase (BIS) genes were found to be useful as early biomarkers for ARD, because their expression pattern correlated well with the phenotypic reaction of the Malus genotypes investigated.
Background: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency (HMGCLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketogenesis and leucine degradation due to mutations in HMGCL.
Method: We performed a systematic literature search to identify all published cases. Two hundred eleven patients of whom relevant clinical data were available were included in this analysis. Clinical course, biochemical findings and mutation data are highlighted and discussed. An overview on all published HMGCL variants is provided.
Results: More than 95% of patients presented with acute metabolic decompensation. Most patients manifested within the first year of life, 42.4% already neonatally. Very few individuals remained asymptomatic. The neurologic long-term outcome was favorable with 62.6% of patients showing normal development.
Conclusion: This comprehensive data analysis provides a systematic overview on all published cases with HMGCLD including a list of all known HMGCL mutations.
Analytische Chemie I
(2020)
Process-dependent thermo-mechanical viscoelastic properties and the corresponding morphology of HDPE extrusion blow molded (EBM) parts were investigated. Evaluation of bulk data showed that flow direction, draw ratio, and mold temperature influence the viscoelastic behavior significantly in certain temperature ranges. Flow induced orientations due to higher draw ratio and higher mold temperature lead to higher crystallinities. To determine the local viscoelastic properties, a new microindentation system was developed by merging indentation with dynamic mechanical analysis. The local process-structure-property relationship of EBM parts showed that the cross-sectional temperature distribution is clearly reflected by local crystallinities and local complex moduli. Additionally, a model to calculate three-dimensional anisotropic coefficients of thermal expansion as a function of the process dependent crystallinity was developed based on an elementary volume unit cell with stacked layers of amorphous phase and crystalline lamellae. Good agreement of the predicted thermal expansion coefficients with measured ones was found up to a temperature of 70 °C.
2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase (beta-ketothiolase) deficiency: one disease - two pathways
(2019)
Background: 2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency (MATD; deficiency of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase T2/ “beta-ketothiolase”) is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketone body utilization and isoleucine degradation due to mutations in ACAT1.
Methods: We performed a systematic literature search for all available clinical descriptions of patients with MATD. 244 patients were identified and included in this analysis. Clinical course and biochemical data are presented and discussed.
Results: For 89.6 % of patients at least one acute metabolic decompensation was reported. Age at first symptoms ranged from 2 days to 8 years (median 12 months). More than 82% of patients presented in the first two years of life, while manifestation in the neonatal period was the exception (3.4%). 77.0% (157 of 204 patients) of patients showed normal psychomotor development without neurologic abnormalities.
Conclusion: This comprehensive data analysis provides a systematic overview on all cases with MATD identified in the literature. It demonstrates that MATD is a rather benign disorder with often favourable outcome, when compared with many other organic acidurias.
Background 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency (HMGCLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketogenesis and leucine degradation due to mutations in HMGCL .
Method We performed a systematic literature search to identify all published cases. 211 patients of whom relevant clinical data were available were included in this analysis. Clinical course, biochemical findings and mutation data are highlighted and discussed. An overview on all published HMGCL variants is provided.
Results More than 95% of patients presented with acute metabolic decompensation. Most patients manifested within the first year of life, 42.4% already neonatally. Very few individuals remained asymptomatic. The neurologic long-term outcome was favorable with 62.6% of patients showing normal development.
Conclusion This comprehensive data analysis provides a systematic overview on all published cases with HMGCLD including a list of all known HMGCL mutations.
Pozzolanic properties of Pennisetum purpureum grass ash were tested on Portland cement. Results show that the ash can be blended with cements without compromising binding strength of the cement. It was found that Portland cement could be blended with Pennisetum purpureum up to a ratio of 3:2 compromising compressive strength of mortar.Mortar with lower cement replacement took longer to set as evidenced by lower compressive strength within the 28-day aging time. Mortar with higher cement replacement had lower water absorption capacity, an indication that the test pozzolan was of smaller particulate size. XRF analysis and the FTIR spectrum showed that the ash has a higher content of silica. The XRD pattern of the ash showed that the ash was predominantly amorphous. SEM images showed that the ash produced at 600 o C had residual carbon material.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(2020)
This chapter focuses on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a multipotent stem cell type that has been found in a variety of tissues and organs of the human body since their discovery in 1970. Their main function is to maintain and repair the respective tissue in vivo. Mesenchymal stem cells can be easily isolated from different tissues and can undergo extensive self-proliferation prior to differentiation into various mesodermal cell types such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, tenocytes, myocytes, and fibroblasts. Because of this vast differentiation potential, mesenchymal stem cells are a promising tool for regenerative medicine approaches. They could play an important role in cellular therapy, tissue replacement and regeneration in the future. Mesenchymal stem cells will be compared for their application and differentiation potential to embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells and the limitations and challenges using scaffolds for tissue repair will be presented. In addition, legal and ethical aspects of the use of mesenchymal stem cells will be discussed. Moreover, isolation protocols for mesenchymal stem cells from the most common sources namely bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord are included.
The complex nature of multifactorial diseases, such as Morbus Alzheimer, has produced a strong need to design multitarget-directed ligands to address the involved complementary pathways. We performed a purposive structural modification of a tetratarget small-molecule, that is contilisant, and generated a combinatorial library of 28 substituted chromen-4-ones. The compounds comprise a basic moiety which is linker-connected to the 6-position of the heterocyclic chromenone core. The syntheses were accomplished by Mitsunobu- or Williamson-type ether formations. The resulting library members were evaluated at a panel of seven human enzymes, all of which being involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. A concomitant inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase and human monoamine oxidase B, with IC50 values of 5.58 and 7.20 μM, respectively, was achieved with the dual-target 6-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)butoxy)-4H-chromen-4-one (7).
Bone tissue engineering is an ever-changing, rapidly evolving, and highly interdisciplinary field of study, where scientists try to mimic natural bone structure as closely as possible in order to facilitate bone healing. New insights from cell biology, specifically from mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and signaling, lead to new approaches in bone regeneration. Novel scaffold and drug release materials based on polysaccharides gain increasing attention due to their wide availability and good biocompatibility to be used as hydrogels and/or hybrid components for drug release and tissue engineering. This article reviews the current state of the art, recent developments, and future perspectives in polysaccharide-based systems used for bone regeneration.
Synthesis of Substituted Hydroxyapatite for Application in Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery
(2019)
Gas Chromatography
(2019)
Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the most important types of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing chemical organic compounds. Today, gas chromatography is one of the most widespread investigation methods of instrumental analysis. This technique is used in the laboratories of chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries, in research institutes, and also in clinical, environmental, and food and beverage analysis. This book is the outcome of contributions by experts in the field of gas chromatography and includes a short history of gas chromatography, an overview of derivatization methods and sample preparation techniques, a comprehensive study on pyrazole mass spectrometric fragmentation, and a GC/MS/MS method for the determination and quantification of pesticide residues in grape samples.
Scratch assays enable the study of the migration process of an injured adherent cell layer in vitro. An apparatus for the reproducible performance of scratch assays and cell harvesting has been developed that meets the requirements for reproducibility in tests as well as easy handling. The entirely autoclavable setup is divided into a sample translation and a scratching system. The translational system is compatible with standard culture dishes and can be modified to adapt to different cell culture systems, while the scratching system can be adjusted according to angle, normal force, shape, and material to adapt to specific questions and demanding substrates. As a result, a fully functional prototype can be presented. This system enables the creation of reproducible and clear scratch edges with a low scratch border roughness within a monolayer of cells. Moreover, the apparatus allows the collection of the migrated cells after scratching for further molecular biological investigations without the need for a second processing step. For comparison, the mechanical properties of manually performed scratch assays are evaluated.