Refine
H-BRS Bibliography
- yes (186) (remove)
Departments, institutes and facilities
- Fachbereich Angewandte Naturwissenschaften (186) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (172)
- Part of a Book (7)
- Preprint (4)
- Bachelor Thesis (1)
- Conference Object (1)
- Master's Thesis (1)
Year of publication
Has Fulltext
- yes (186) (remove)
Keywords
- lignin (7)
- cytokine-induced killer cells (6)
- GC/MS (5)
- Lignin (5)
- drug release (5)
- immunotherapy (5)
- scaffolds (5)
- biomaterial (4)
- osteogenesis (4)
- stem cells (4)
- DNA damage (3)
- ENaC (3)
- Miscanthus (3)
- SERS (3)
- additive (3)
- angiogenesis (3)
- antioxidant (3)
- biomass (3)
- bone tissue engineering (3)
- chemometrics (3)
- extraction (3)
- extremophiles (3)
- hydrogel (3)
- organosolv (3)
- tissue engineering (3)
- CIK cells (2)
- Composites (2)
- DNA typing (2)
- Folin-Ciocalteu assay (2)
- Gene expression (2)
- Graphene (2)
- IR microspectroscopy (2)
- Inborn error of metabolism (2)
- Ketone body (2)
- Mass spectrometry (2)
- Membrane Transport (2)
- Metabolic acidosis (2)
- Miscanthus x giganteus (2)
- Molecular dynamics (2)
- Nano-Systems (2)
- Organic aciduria (2)
- Polymers (2)
- Prognosis (2)
- Pyrolysis (2)
- R-ratio (2)
- SLC (2)
- active packaging (2)
- aluminum bonding wire (2)
- antimicrobial activity (2)
- antioxidant activity (2)
- autophagy (2)
- bacteria (2)
- bio-based polymers (2)
- bioeconomy (2)
- bone regeneration (2)
- cell migration (2)
- classification (2)
- creep (2)
- cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells (2)
- discriminant analysis (2)
- essential oil (2)
- extraterrestrial analogue (2)
- extremophile (2)
- food waste (2)
- force generation (2)
- fungi (2)
- ketogenesis (2)
- kraft lignin (2)
- life detection (2)
- lifetime prediction (2)
- lignocellulose feedstock (2)
- low-input crops (2)
- melanin (2)
- mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- modeling (2)
- monolignol ratio (2)
- multivariate data processing (2)
- myosin (2)
- natural additives (2)
- organic aciduria (2)
- osteoblast (2)
- osteoclast (2)
- permeability (2)
- photonic sensing (2)
- plant extracts (2)
- poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (2)
- poly(lactic acid) (2)
- power electronics (2)
- scaffold (2)
- shelf life (2)
- small-scale fatigue testing (2)
- stress response (2)
- sustainable packaging (2)
- total phenol content (2)
- ultrapure water (2)
- (poly)saccharides (1)
- 16S rRNA gene sequencing (1)
- 2B4 (1)
- 3-hydroxy-n-butyric acid (1)
- 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (1)
- 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase deficiency (1)
- 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (1)
- ACAT1 (1)
- ACacylcarnitines (1)
- ADP release (1)
- AMAtypical myopathy (1)
- AOP (1)
- APC superfamily (1)
- ATB0,+ (1)
- ATPase cycle (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Abies nordmanniana (1)
- Abies procera (1)
- Additiv (1)
- Additive (1)
- Adipogenic effect (1)
- Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (1)
- Affinity proteomics (1)
- Aloe vera (1)
- Ankle Joint (1)
- Antarctic Polar Plateau (1)
- Antarctic ice sheet (1)
- Antibodies* (1)
- Antibody Induced Arthritis (1)
- Antioxidant capacity (1)
- Antioxidative Capacity (1)
- Antioxidatives Potential (1)
- Articular Cartilage (1)
- Assay development (1)
- Assay reproducibility (1)
- Asymmetric cell division (1)
- AuNPs (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automobilindustrie (1)
- Automotive Industry (1)
- BLAST (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Bacteria, Anaerobic (1)
- Beta-ketothiolase (1)
- BioMark HD microfluidic system (1)
- Bioactive (1)
- Bioaktiv (1)
- Biological databases (1)
- Biophysics (1)
- Biopolymers (1)
- Bone marrow-derived stem cells (1)
- Breast cancer (1)
- CD30+ cells (1)
- CD40, CTLA-4 (1)
- CDH1 (1)
- CDKN1B (1)
- CFTR inhibitors (1)
- CFTR mutations (1)
- CIK-Zellen (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calcium Intracellular Release (1)
- Cancer (1)
- Cannabinoids (1)
- Cardiovascular Disease (1)
- Cartilage Destruction (1)
- Cathepsin K (1)
- Cell Cycle (1)
- Cell Differentiation (1)
- Cell Signaling (1)
- Cell lineage (1)
- Cervical cancer screening (1)
- Cervicovaginal microbiome (1)
- Chaetocin (1)
- Chemical calculations (1)
- Chemical imaging (1)
- Chemometrics (1)
- Chemotherapy (1)
- Chromatography (1)
- Cislunar (1)
- Classification (1)
- Colposcopy (1)
- Compressive strength (1)
- Corrosion protction (1)
- DBSdried blot spots (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA Transcription (1)
- DNA double- strand breaks (1)
- DNA extraction protocols (1)
- DNA interaction (1)
- DNA methylation (1)
- DNA profile (1)
- Development (1)
- Docking (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- ER stress (1)
- ERO1α (1)
- ESKAPEE pathogens (1)
- Elephantiasis (1)
- Endosomes (1)
- Epitope mapping: Epitope extraction (1)
- European horse chestnut (1)
- Eutectic Ti-Fe alloys (1)
- Explosives (1)
- Extrusionsblasformen (1)
- Fabry disease (1)
- Familial glioma (1)
- Fe-ion radiation (1)
- Fiber reinforcement (1)
- Foaming (1)
- Forensic genetics (1)
- GC–MSgas chromatography–mass spectrometry (1)
- GMX1778 (1)
- Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) (1)
- Gasturbinenschaufel (1)
- Gelatin Zymography (1)
- Genes (1)
- Geopolymer (1)
- Glycine N-acyltransferase (1)
- Glycine conjugation (1)
- Growth (1)
- HIBADH (1)
- HIBADH deficiency (1)
- HMGCL (1)
- HPV diagnostic (1)
- HS SPME (1)
- HSP90 (1)
- HSQC NMR (1)
- High temperature deformation (1)
- High temperature laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Homeobox (1)
- Humans (1)
- Hyperammonemia (1)
- Hypoglycemia (1)
- ICP OES (1)
- Illegal Wildlife Trade (1)
- Immune escape (1)
- Immunology* (1)
- In silico epitope prediction (1)
- In silico modelling (1)
- Inhibitor (1)
- Intact proinsulin (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Isoleucine (1)
- Isovaleric acidemia (1)
- Joint Destruction (1)
- K/BxN (1)
- Karl Fischer titration (1)
- Ketogenesis (1)
- Ketolysis (1)
- Kriechen (1)
- LET (1)
- LFA-1 (1)
- LSPR (1)
- Lebensdauervorhersage (1)
- Leg (1)
- LeuT (1)
- Leucine (1)
- Ligand -Receptor Interactions* (1)
- Linear viscoelasticity (1)
- Lineare Viskoelastizität (1)
- Liquid crystal (1)
- Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (1)
- Lymphedema (1)
- Lysosomes (1)
- MADDMultiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (1)
- MCT (1)
- MICA/B (1)
- MMP-9 (1)
- MOX gas sensors (1)
- MPV17 monoclonal antibody (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Malus genotypes (1)
- Mars (1)
- Mars environment (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Meat-associated Microorganisms (1)
- Mechanical properties of materials (1)
- Mechanische Prüfung (1)
- Mesenchymal stromal cells (1)
- Metabolic decompensation (1)
- Metabolicdecompensation (1)
- Miscanthus nagara (1)
- Miscanthus robustus (1)
- Miscanthus sinensis (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (1)
- Molecular Dynamics (1)
- Multimodal hyperspectral data (1)
- Mxi-2 (1)
- N-isovalerylglycine (1)
- NAI (1)
- NDVI (1)
- NGS (1)
- NKG2D (1)
- NSS family (1)
- Nafion™ (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Near-field synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (1)
- Nickel-based superalloy (1)
- Nickelbasis-Superlegierung (1)
- Node involvement (1)
- Non-covalent interaction MS* (1)
- O3/UV (1)
- OA, organic acids (1)
- OH-number (1)
- Off-target effects (1)
- Oligodendroglioma (1)
- Orai1 (1)
- Organic acids (1)
- Orion (1)
- P1 receptor (1)
- P2 receptor (1)
- PCR inhibitors (1)
- PD-1/CTLA-4 (1)
- PDI (1)
- PEM electrolysis (1)
- PLASM (1)
- Pathogenic Bacteria (1)
- Pattern recognition (1)
- Patterning (1)
- Paulownia (1)
- Permeation (1)
- Peroxisomes (1)
- Phenyls (1)
- Picea abies (1)
- Picea pungens (1)
- Pleiotropic drug resistance (1)
- Polymorphism (1)
- Polysaccharide derivatives (1)
- Protein complex analysis (1)
- Purinergic signaling (1)
- Pyrolyse-GC/MS (1)
- Pyrolysis GC/MS (1)
- R751L (1)
- Raman Spectroscopy (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Raman-microspectroscopy (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regenerative medicine (1)
- Resins (1)
- RheoTack analysis (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SCNN1D (1)
- SEC (1)
- SGN-35 (1)
- SHAP (1)
- SLC6 (1)
- SLC6A14 (1)
- SNPSTR (1)
- STARLIFE project (1)
- STF-31 (1)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- Sample digestion (1)
- Schadensanalyse (1)
- Schwindung (1)
- Self-assembling (1)
- Short tandem repeat (STR) (1)
- Silica gel (1)
- Silicon Carbides (1)
- Silphium (1)
- Skin (1)
- Solution chemistry (1)
- Space radiation (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Stem cell differentiation (1)
- Stem cells (1)
- Store-operated calcium entry (1)
- Supervised classification (1)
- Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) (1)
- TOC (1)
- Tap water (1)
- Targeted mass spectrometry (1)
- Therapeutic antibodies* (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermoplastic polyurethanes (1)
- Thyme (1)
- Thymian (1)
- TiO2-coatings (1)
- Transcription Regulation (1)
- Treatment (1)
- UV (1)
- UV Absorption (1)
- UV absorbance (1)
- UV spectrum (1)
- UV-Absorption (1)
- UV-VIS (1)
- UV-vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrafine microstructures (1)
- Unconjugated THC-COOH (1)
- Used engine oil (1)
- Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1)
- Verzug (1)
- Vibrational microspectroscopy (1)
- Vim3 (1)
- Visceral lipid tissue (1)
- WAXS (1)
- WZB117 (1)
- Whole genome amplification (1)
- Whole-genome sequencing (1)
- Wild Type Mouse (1)
- Wildlife Forensics (1)
- X-STR (1)
- X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) (1)
- XGBoost (1)
- XRD (1)
- Y-STR (1)
- Yeast (1)
- Zytokin-induzierte Killerzellen (1)
- accelerated iron ions (1)
- acetoacetic acid (1)
- acetone (1)
- acidic ethanosolv (1)
- actin (1)
- actinometry (1)
- adhesion factor (1)
- aerogels (1)
- agarose (1)
- alkyl amines (1)
- allosteric communication (1)
- altered mitochondrial homeostasis (1)
- amelogenesis (1)
- amino acid transporter (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- anabolic (1)
- anaplastic lymphoma kinase (1)
- antibiotic prophylaxis (1)
- antibody–drug conjugate (1)
- antiradical activity (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- apple replant disease (ARD) (1)
- ash (1)
- astrobiology (1)
- autohydrolysis (1)
- autologous bone graft (1)
- automated electrophysiology (1)
- automated sensor-screening (1)
- automatic measurement validation (1)
- automation of sample processing (1)
- azadipeptide nitrile (1)
- bagasse (1)
- bdelloid rotifer (1)
- bio-innovation (1)
- biochemical fingerprinting (1)
- biocomposite (1)
- biofilm removal (1)
- biofilm-related infections (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biomarker (1)
- biopolymer (1)
- bio‐based (1)
- black fungi (1)
- blebbistatin (1)
- blood vessel (1)
- blow molding (1)
- blown film (1)
- blown film extrusion (1)
- bone (1)
- bone mineral density (1)
- bone remodeling (1)
- branched-chain amino acids (1)
- breast cancer (1)
- breast carcinoma (1)
- brilliant green (1)
- built environment (1)
- cancer biomarker (1)
- cancer treatment (1)
- cannabidiol, immunotherapy (1)
- caspase (1)
- catabolic (1)
- cell death (1)
- cell division (1)
- cell harvesting (1)
- cell viability (1)
- cementogenesis (1)
- chaetocin (1)
- chain extenders cross-linker (1)
- chain extending cross-linker (1)
- chain-extending cross-linker (1)
- chemosensing (1)
- chiral-nematic (1)
- chitosan (1)
- cholesteric liquid crystals (1)
- cholesteric phase (1)
- clear cell renal cell carcinoma (1)
- clinical trials (1)
- coaxial electrospinning (1)
- coffee ring effect (1)
- collagen (1)
- combination of treatments (1)
- composites (1)
- condensation (1)
- coniferous woods (1)
- core-sheath fibers (1)
- cosmic rays (1)
- creep compliance (1)
- cross-linking (1)
- crystal violet (1)
- crystallinity (1)
- cube in cube model (1)
- cyanohydrazide warhead (1)
- cysteine proteases (1)
- cysticfibrosis (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- data base search (1)
- deformation behavior (1)
- degraded DNA (1)
- degree of disintegration (1)
- delta-subunit (1)
- demethylation (1)
- dental implant (1)
- dental stem cells (1)
- dental stem cells immortalization (1)
- dentinogenesis (1)
- dentogenesis (1)
- depolymerization (1)
- desert cyanobacteria (1)
- detaching (1)
- diagnosis and management (1)
- differentiation (1)
- diffusion (1)
- disintegration kinetics (1)
- dissolved ozone (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug release materials (1)
- duty ratio (1)
- electroless copper deposition (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- elementary volume (1)
- encapsulation (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (1)
- endothelial cell (1)
- endothelial cell differentiation (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- enzyme activity (1)
- epithelial sodium channel (1)
- epitope mapping (1)
- evolution (1)
- exon fusion (1)
- extraction-linked bias (1)
- extrusion blow molding (1)
- fasentin (1)
- fatty acid metabolism (1)
- feature (1)
- fiber composites (1)
- fluorinated salts (1)
- food contact material (1)
- food safety (1)
- food-related bacteria (1)
- forensic (1)
- forensic genetics (1)
- formulation (1)
- fungal and bacterial amplicon sequencing (1)
- gas sensor (1)
- gas turbine blade (1)
- gene expression (1)
- genomic data (1)
- genotype (1)
- geopolymer (1)
- geopolymer foam (1)
- glucose uptake inhibitor (1)
- greenhouse bio-test (1)
- growth factors (1)
- guidelines (1)
- habitability (1)
- halogen bonding (1)
- harvest prediction (1)
- healthcare-associated infections (HAI) (1)
- heavy ion particle (HZE) radations (1)
- helical twisting power (1)
- heterocyclic (1)
- high diagnostic coverage and reliability (1)
- high dynamic range resistance readout (1)
- high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (1)
- high-throughput DNA sequencing (1)
- high-throughput qRT-PCR (1)
- high-throughput sequencing (1)
- histone deacetylase inhibitors (1)
- homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) (1)
- hospital environment (1)
- hospital-acquired infections (1)
- human cathepsins (1)
- human microbiome (1)
- hydrogen bonding (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (1)
- hypertension (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- iPSCs (1)
- immune checkpoint inhibition programmed cell death-1 (1)
- impact monitoring (1)
- impregnation-reduction (1)
- infection prevention (1)
- inherited metabolic disease (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- intact proinsulin (1)
- integrative Simulation (1)
- integrative simulation (1)
- invasion (1)
- ionic polymer metal (1)
- isoleucine (1)
- ketolysis (1)
- ketone body synthesis (1)
- klarzelliges Nierenzellkarzinom (1)
- leishmaniasis (1)
- leucine (1)
- leucine degradation (1)
- life on Mars (1)
- lignin structure analysis (1)
- lignocellulosic feedstock (1)
- liquid crystal (1)
- liquid crystals (1)
- long interspersed nuclear element-1 (1)
- low molecular weight (1)
- low-level laser therapy (1)
- lymphoma (1)
- massive parallel sequencing (1)
- maturity index (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanical testing (1)
- mesenchymal stem cell (1)
- mesogens (1)
- metabolically active cells (1)
- methylmalonic acidaemia (1)
- methylmalonic acidemia (1)
- miR-15 (1)
- miR-498 (1)
- microbial community structure (1)
- microbial contamination (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbiome (1)
- microbiome analyses (1)
- micromanipulation (1)
- migration (1)
- mitochondrial biogenesis (1)
- molecular docking (1)
- molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- molecular mass degradation (1)
- molecular motor (1)
- molecular pathology (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- morphology (1)
- multi-drug response (1)
- multiple myeloma (1)
- multivariate data analysis (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- myogenesis (1)
- nanomedicine (1)
- natural fiber (1)
- neoexpression (1)
- neuroendocrine (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- nitrile inhibitors (1)
- nitrogen dioxide (1)
- non-apoptotic roles (1)
- non-small cell lung cancer (1)
- non-woven fiber mats (1)
- nondestructive examination (1)
- nosocomial infections (1)
- nutrient germinants (1)
- odontogenic cells (1)
- organic acid analysis (1)
- organoids (1)
- organosolv lignin (1)
- orthotropes prozessabhängiges Materialverhalten (1)
- orthotropic process-dependent material behavior (1)
- osteogenic potential (1)
- osteoporosis (1)
- outer space (1)
- ozonation (1)
- ozone (1)
- p27 (1)
- panspermia (1)
- partial squares regression (1)
- particulate composite (1)
- patent (1)
- pathogen control (1)
- pathogenic microorganisms (1)
- pathophysiology (1)
- peptide sequencing (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photolysis (1)
- photostabiliser (1)
- phytoalexins (1)
- planetary protection (1)
- polybutylene adipate terephthalate (1)
- polylactic acid (1)
- polymers (1)
- polyphenols (1)
- polysaccharide (1)
- polyurethane coatings (1)
- potentiometric sensors (1)
- power industry (1)
- power stroke (1)
- pressure sensitive adhesives (1)
- primary airway epithelial cells (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- prioritizable ranking (1)
- proanthocyanidins (1)
- probiotic cleaning (1)
- probiotic-based cleaning formulations (1)
- process parameters (1)
- process-induced morphology (1)
- proliferation (1)
- propionic acidaemia (1)
- propionic acidemia (1)
- protease inhibitor (1)
- protein microarray (1)
- prototype apparatus (1)
- pseudogene (1)
- purinergic receptor (1)
- purinergic receptors (1)
- qNMR (1)
- radiation (1)
- radioresistance (1)
- renal cancer (1)
- renal cell carcinoma (1)
- renal tubular cells (1)
- resistance (1)
- retraction speed dependency (1)
- rodent (1)
- rodents (1)
- scratch assay (1)
- seed coat (1)
- semiconducting metal oxide gas sensor array (1)
- sensor array (1)
- sensory characterisation (1)
- sequencing (1)
- sexual assault (1)
- short tandem repeat (1)
- short tandem repeat (STR) (1)
- shrinkage (1)
- sirtuins (1)
- size exclusion chromatography (1)
- slope based signature (1)
- smooth muscle cell (1)
- smooth muscle cell differentiation (1)
- sodium self-inhibition (1)
- soil properties (1)
- sol-gel support (1)
- solute carrier (1)
- solvent exchange (1)
- space radiation environment (1)
- sperm cell (1)
- spore resistance (1)
- sporegermination (1)
- stabilisation (1)
- stabiliser (1)
- staurosporine (1)
- stem cell (1)
- structural biology (1)
- structural coloration (1)
- structure (1)
- supercritical drying (1)
- supramolecular liquid crystals (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface sanitization (1)
- surrogate endpoint (1)
- survival (1)
- sweet sorghum (1)
- synergistic effect (1)
- temperature influence (1)
- therapy (1)
- thermal insulation material (1)
- thermal insulation materials (1)
- thermo-mechanical properties (1)
- thermophoresis (1)
- thermosensing (1)
- thin film (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- total phenolic content (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transient kinetics (1)
- transient receptor potential vanilloid Type 2 (1)
- triiodothyronine (1)
- triphenylmethane dyes (1)
- tumor diagnosis (1)
- tunable pitch (1)
- tunable sheet resistance (1)
- two-electrode voltage clamp (1)
- type 2 diabetes (1)
- unfolded protein response (UPR) (1)
- valine degradation (1)
- volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing (1)
- warpage (1)
- wearable technology (1)
- whole genome amplification (WGA) (1)
- whole-tooth regeneration (1)
- wound healing assay (1)
- yin-yang effect (1)
- zona pellucida protein 2 ZP2 (1)
- β-amino acids (1)
- β-catenin (1)
- β-cell dysfunction (1)
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a heterotrimeric ion channel that plays a key role in sodium and water homeostasis in tetrapod vertebrates. In the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, hormonally controlled ENaC expression matches dietary sodium intake to its excretion. Furthermore, ENaC mediates sodium absorption across the epithelia of the colon, sweat ducts, reproductive tract, and lung. ENaC is a constitutively active ion channel and its expression, membrane abundance, and open probability (PO) are controlled by multiple intracellular and extracellular mediators and mechanisms [9]. Aberrant ENaC regulation is associated with severe human diseases, including hypertension, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary edema, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, and nephrotic syndrome [9].
Lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) provides a sustainable source of components to produce bioenergy, biofuel, and novel biomaterials. Besides hard and soft wood, so-called low-input plants such as Miscanthus are interesting crops to be investigated as potential feedstock for the second generation biorefinery. The status quo regarding the availability and composition of different plants, including grasses and fast-growing trees (i.e., Miscanthus, Paulownia), is reviewed here. The second focus of this review is the potential of multivariate data processing to be used for biomass analysis and quality control. Experimental data obtained by spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), can be processed using computational techniques to characterize the 3D structure and energetic properties of the feedstock building blocks, including complex linkages. Here, we provide a brief summary of recently reported experimental data for structural analysis of LCF biomasses, and give our perspectives on the role of chemometrics in understanding and elucidating on LCF composition and lignin 3D structure.
Renewable resources gain increasing interest as source for environmentally benign biomaterials, such as drug encapsulation/release compounds, and scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Being the second largest naturally abundant polymer, the interest in lignin valorization for biomedical utilization is rapidly growing. Depending on resource and isolation procedure, lignin shows specific antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Today, efforts in research and industry are directed toward lignin utilization as renewable macromolecular building block for the preparation of polymeric drug encapsulation and scaffold materials. Within the last five years, remarkable progress has been made in isolation, functionalization and modification of lignin and lignin-derived compounds. However, literature so far mainly focuses lignin-derived fuels, lubricants and resins. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the art and to highlight the most important results in the field of lignin-based materials for potential use in biomedicine (reported in 2014–2018). Special focus is drawn on lignin-derived nanomaterials for drug encapsulation and release as well as lignin hybrid materials used as scaffolds for guided bone regeneration in stem cell-based therapies.
Antioxidant activity is an essential feature required for oxygen-sensitive merchandise and goods, such as food and corresponding packaging as well as materials used in cosmetics and biomedicine. For example, vanillin, one of the most prominent antioxidants, is fabricated from lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer in the world. Antioxidant potential is primarily related to the termination of oxidation propagation reactions through hydrogen transfer. The application of technical lignin as a natural antioxidant has not yet been implemented in the industrial sector, mainly due to the complex heterogeneous structure and polydispersity of lignin. Thus, current research focuses on various isolation and purification strategies to improve the compatibility of lignin material with substrates and enhancing its stabilizing effect.
Antioxidant activity is an essential aspect of oxygen-sensitive merchandise and goods, such as food and corresponding packaging, cosmetics, and biomedicine. Technical lignin has not yet been applied as a natural antioxidant, mainly due to the complex heterogeneous structure and polydispersity of lignin. This report presents antioxidant capacity studies completed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The influence of purification on lignin structure and activity was investigated. The purification procedure showed that double-fold selective extraction is the most efficient (confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and X-ray diffraction), resulting in fractions of very narrow polydispersity (3.2⁻1.6), up to four distinct absorption bands in UV/Vis spectroscopy. Due to differential scanning calorimetry measurements, the glass transition temperature increased from 123 to 185 °C for the purest fraction. Antioxidant capacity is discussed regarding the biomass source, pulping process, and degree of purification. Lignin obtained from industrial black liquor are compared with beech wood samples: antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition) of kraft lignin fractions were 62⁻68%, whereas beech and spruce/pine-mixed lignin showed values of 42% and 64%, respectively. Total phenol content (TPC) of the isolated kraft lignin fractions varied between 26 and 35%, whereas beech and spruce/pine lignin were 33% and 34%, respectively. Storage decreased the TPC values but increased the DPPH inhibition.
The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. The polyphenolic structure of lignin in addition to the presence of O-containing functional groups is potentially responsible for these activities. This study used DPPH assays to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. The scavenging activity (SA) of both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems was affected by the percentage of the added lignin: the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the 30% addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source showing the following trend: organosolv of softwood > kraft of softwood > organosolv of grass. Testing the antimicrobial activities of lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0-7 °C). Purification of kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin release in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity even more for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5% addition exhibited activity against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens.
SLC6A14 (ATB0,+) is unique among SLC proteins in its ability to transport 18 of the 20 proteinogenic (dipolar and cationic) amino acids and naturally occurring and synthetic analogues (including anti-viral prodrugs and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors). SLC6A14 mediates amino acid uptake in multiple cell types where increased expression is associated with pathophysiological conditions including some cancers. Here, we investigated how a key position within the core LeuT-fold structure of SLC6A14 influences substrate specificity. Homology modelling and sequence analysis identified the transmembrane domain 3 residue V128 as equivalent to a position known to influence substrate specificity in distantly related SLC36 and SLC38 amino acid transporters. SLC6A14, with and without V128 mutations, was heterologously expressed and function determined by radiotracer solute uptake and electrophysiological measurement of transporter-associated current. Substituting the amino acid residue occupying the SLC6A14 128 position modified the binding pocket environment and selectively disrupted transport of cationic (but not dipolar) amino acids and related NOS inhibitors. By understanding the molecular basis of amino acid transporter substrate specificity we can improve knowledge of how this multi-functional transporter can be targeted and how the LeuT-fold facilitates such diversity in function among the SLC6 family and other SLC amino acid transporters.
Among the celestial bodies in the Solar System, Mars currently represents the main target for the search for life beyond Earth. However, its surface is constantly exposed to high doses of cosmic rays (CRs) that may pose a threat to any biological system. For this reason, investigations into the limits of resistance of life to space relevant radiation is fundamental to speculate on the chance of finding extraterrestrial organisms on Mars. In the present work, as part of the STARLIFE project, the responses of dried colonies of the black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus Culture Collection of Fungi from Extreme Environments (CCFEE) 515 to the exposure to accelerated iron (LET: 200 keV/μm) ions, which mimic part of CRs spectrum, were investigated. Samples were exposed to the iron ions up to 1000 Gy in the presence of Martian regolith analogues. Our results showed an extraordinary resistance of the fungus in terms of survival, recovery of metabolic activity and DNA integrity. These experiments give new insights into the survival probability of possible terrestrial-like life forms on the present or past Martian surface and shallow subsurface environments.
A biodegradable blend of PBAT—poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)—and PLA—poly(lactic acid)—for blown film extrusion was modified with four multi-functional chain extending cross-linkers (CECL). The anisotropic morphology introduced during film blowing affects the degradation processes. Given that two CECL increased the melt flow rate (MFR) of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite (V1) and 1,3-phenylenebisoxazoline (V2) and the other two reduced it (aromatic polycarbodiimide (V3) and poly(4,4-dicyclohexylmethanecarbodiimide) (V4)), their compost (bio-)disintegration behavior was investigated. It was significantly altered with respect to the unmodified reference blend (REF). The disintegration behavior at 30 and 60 °C was investigated by determining changes in mass, Young’s moduli, tensile strengths, elongations at break and thermal properties. In order to quantify the disintegration behavior, the hole areas of blown films were evaluated after compost storage at 60 °C to calculate the kinetics of the time dependent degrees of disintegration. The kinetic model of disintegration provides two parameters: initiation time and disintegration time. They quantify the effects of the CECL on the disintegration behavior of the PBAT/PLA compound. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a pronounced annealing effect during storage in compost at 30 °C, as well as the occurrence of an additional step-like increase in the heat flow at 75 °C after storage at 60 °C. The disintegration consists of processes which affect amorphous and crystalline phase of PBAT in different manner that cannot be understood by a hydrolytic chain degradation only. Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) revealed molecular degradation only at 60 °C for the REF and V1 after 7 days of compost storage. The observed losses of mass and cross-sectional area seem to be attributed more to mechanical decay than to molecular degradation for the given compost storage times.
Process-induced changes in the morphology of biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends modified with various multifunctional chainextending cross-linkers (CECLs) are presented. The morphology of unmodified and modified films produced with blown film extrusion is examined in an extrusion direction (ED) and a transverse direction (TD). While FTIR analysis showed only small peak shifts indicating that the CECLs modify the molecular weight of the PBAT/PLA blend, SEM investigations of the fracture surfaces of blown extrusion films revealed their significant effect on the morphology formed during the processing. Due to the combined shear and elongation deformation during blown film extrusion, rather spherical PLA islands were partly transformed into long fibrils, which tended to decay to chains of elliptical islands if cooled slowly. The CECL introduction into the blend changed the thickness of the PLA fibrils, modified the interface adhesion, and altered the deformation behavior of the PBAT matrix from brittle to ductile. The results proved that CECLs react selectively with PBAT, PLA, and their interface. Furthermore, the reactions of CECLs with PBAT/PLA induced by the processing depended on the deformation directions (ED and TD), thus resulting in further non-uniformities of blown extrusion films.
This study investigates the effects of four multifunctional chain-extending cross-linkers (CECL) on the processability, mechanical performance, and structure of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends produced using film blowing technology. The newly developed reference compound (M·VERA® B5029) and the CECL modified blends are characterized with respect to the initial properties and the corresponding properties after aging at 50 °C for 1 and 2 months. The tensile strength, seal strength, and melt volume rate (MVR) are markedly changed after thermal aging, whereas the storage modulus, elongation at the break, and tear resistance remain constant. The degradation of the polymer chains and crosslinking with increased and decreased MVR, respectively, is examined thoroughly with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with the results indicating that the CECL-modified blends do not generally endure thermo-oxidation over time. Further, DSC measurements of 25 µm and 100 µm films reveal that film blowing pronouncedly changes the structures of the compounds. These findings are also confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis, with the conclusion that tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite barely affects the glass transition temperature, while with the other changes in CECL are seen. Cross-linking is found for aromatic polycarbodiimide and poly(4,4-dicyclohexylmethanecarbodiimide) CECL after melting of granules and films, although overall the most synergetic effect of the CECL is shown by 1,3-phenylenebisoxazoline.
This review is divided into two interconnected parts, namely a biological and a chemical one. The focus of the first part is on the biological background for constructing tissue-engineered vascular grafts to promote vascular healing. Various cell types, such as embryonic, mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells and endothelial- and smooth muscle cells will be discussed with respect to their specific markers. The in vitro and in vivo models and their potential to treat vascular diseases are also introduced. The chemical part focuses on strategies using either artificial or natural polymers for scaffold fabrication, including decellularized cardiovascular tissue. An overview will be given on scaffold fabrication including conventional methods and nanotechnologies. Special attention is given to 3D network formation via different chemical and physical cross-linking methods. In particular, electron beam treatment is introduced as a method to combine 3D network formation and surface modification. The review includes recently published scientific data and patents which have been registered within the last decade.
(1) Background: Autologous bone is supposed to contain vital cells that might improve the osseointegration of dental implants. The aim of this study was to investigate particulate and filtered bone chips collected during oral surgery intervention with respect to their osteogenic potential and the extent of microbial contamination to evaluate its usefulness for jawbone reconstruction prior to implant placement. (2) Methods: Cortical and cortical-cancellous bone chip samples of 84 patients were collected. The stem cell character of outgrowing cells was characterized by expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105, followed by osteogenic differentiation. The degree of bacterial contamination was determined by Gram staining, catalase and oxidase tests and tests to evaluate the genera of the found bacteria (3) Results: Pre-surgical antibiotic treatment of the patients significantly increased viability of the collected bone chip cells. No significant difference in plasticity was observed between cells isolated from the cortical and cortical-cancellous bone chip samples. Thus, both types of bone tissue can be used for jawbone reconstruction. The osteogenic differentiation was independent of the quantity and quality of the detected microorganisms, which comprise the most common bacteria in the oral cavity. (4) Discussion: This study shows that the quality of bone chip-derived stem cells is independent of the donor site and the extent of present common microorganisms, highlighting autologous bone tissue, assessable without additional surgical intervention for the patient, as a useful material for dental implantology.
With increasing life expectancy, demands for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration are becoming more significant. Despite great progress in medicine, including regenerative therapies, the complex structure of dental tissues introduces several challenges to the field of regenerative dentistry. Interdisciplinary efforts from cellular biologists, material scientists, and clinical odontologists are being made to establish strategies and find the solutions for dental tissue regeneration and/or whole-tooth regeneration. In recent years, many significant discoveries were done regarding signaling pathways and factors shaping calcified tissue genesis, including those of tooth. Novel biocompatible scaffolds and polymer-based drug release systems are under development and may soon result in clinically applicable biomaterials with the potential to modulate signaling cascades involved in dental tissue genesis and regeneration. Approaches for whole-tooth regeneration utilizing adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or tooth germ cells transplantation are emerging as promising alternatives to overcome existing in vitro tissue generation hurdles. In this interdisciplinary review, most recent advances in cellular signaling guiding dental tissue genesis, novel functionalized scaffolds and drug release material, various odontogenic cell sources, and methods for tooth regeneration are discussed thus providing a multi-faceted, up-to-date, and illustrative overview on the tooth regeneration matter, alongside hints for future directions in the challenging field of regenerative dentistry.
Purpose – To describe the development of a novel polyether(meth)acrylate-based resin material class for stereolithography with alterable material characteristics.
Design/methodology/approach – A complete overview of details to composition parameters, the optimization and bandwidth of mechanical and processing parameters is given. Initial biological characterization experiments and future application felds are depicted. Process parameters are studied in a commercial 3D systems Viper stereolithography system, and a new method to determine these parameters is described herein.
Findings – Initial biological characterizations show the non-toxic behavior in a biological environment, caused mainly by the (meth)acrylate-based core components. These photolithographic resins combine an adjustable low Young’s modulus with the advantages of a non-toxic (meth)acrylate-based process material. In contrast to the mostly rigid process materials used today in the rapid prototyping industry, these polymeric formulations are able to fulfll the extended need for a soft engineering material. A short overview of sample applications is given.
Practical implications – These polymeric formulations are able to meet the growing demand for a resin class for rapid manufacturing that covers a bandwidth from softer to stiffer materials.
Originality/value – This paper gives an overview about the novel developed material class for stereolithography and should be therefore of high interest to people with interest in novel rapid manufacturing materials and technology.
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a target for the treatment of osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone metastasis. Peptidomimetics with a cyanohydrazide warhead represent a new class of highly potent CatK inhibitors; however, their binding mechanism is unknown. We investigated two model cyanohydrazide inhibitors with differently positioned warheads: an azadipeptide nitrile Gü1303 and a 3-cyano-3-aza-β-amino acid Gü2602. Crystal structures of their covalent complexes were determined with mature CatK as well as a zymogen-like activation intermediate of CatK. Binding mode analysis, together with quantum chemical calculations, revealed that the extraordinary picomolar potency of Gü2602 is entropically favoured by its conformational flexibility at the nonprimed-primed subsites boundary. Furthermore, we demonstrated by live cell imaging that cyanohydrazides effectively target mature CatK in osteosarcoma cells. Cyanohydrazides also suppressed the maturation of CatK by inhibiting the autoactivation of the CatK zymogen. Our results provide structural insights for the rational design of cyanohydrazide inhibitors of CatK as potential drugs.
When optimizing the process parameters of the acidic ethanolic organosolv process, the aim is usually to maximize the delignification and/or lignin purity. However, process parameters such as temperature, time, ethanol and catalyst concentration, respectively, can also be used to vary the structural properties of the obtained organosolv lignin, including the molecular weight and the ratio of aliphatic versus phenolic hydroxyl groups, among others. This review particularly focuses on these influencing factors and establishes a trend analysis between the variation of the process parameters and the effect on lignin structure. Especially when larger data sets are available, as for process temperature and time, correlations between the distribution of depolymerization and condensation reactions are found, which allow direct conclusions on the proportion of lignin's structural features, independent of the diversity of the biomass used. The newfound insights gained from this review can be used to tailor organosolv lignins isolated for a specific application.
Miscanthus crops possess very attractive properties such as high photosynthesis yield and carbon fixation rate. Because of these properties, it is currently considered for use in second-generation biorefineries. Here we analyze the differences in chemical composition between M. x giganteus, a commonly studied Miscanthus genotype, and M. nagara, which is relatively understudied but has useful properties such as increased frost resistance and higher stem stability. Samples of M. x giganteus (Gig35) and M. nagara (NagG10) have been separated by plant portion (leaves and stems) in order to isolate the corresponding lignins. The organosolv process was used for biomass pulping (80% ethanol solution, 170 °C, 15 bar). Biomass composition and lignin structure analysis were performed using composition analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to determine the 3D structure of the isolated lignins, monolignol ratio and most abundant linkages depending on genotype and harvesting season. SEC data showed significant differences in the molecular weight and polydispersity indices for stem versus leaf-derived lignins. Py-GC/MS and hetero-nuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR revealed different monolignol compositions for the two genotypes (Gig35, NagG10). The monolignol ratio is slightly influenced by the time of harvest: stem-derived lignins of M. nagara showed increasing H and decreasing G unit content over the studied harvesting period (December–April).
As a low-input crop, Miscanthus offers numerous advantages that, in addition to agricultural applications, permits its exploitation for energy, fuel, and material production. Depending on the Miscanthus genotype, season, and harvest time as well as plant component (leaf versus stem), correlations between structure and properties of the corresponding isolated lignins differ. Here, a comparative study is presented between lignins isolated from M. x giganteus, M. sinensis, M. robustus and M. nagara using a catalyst-free organosolv pulping process. The lignins from different plant constituents are also compared regarding their similarities and differences regarding monolignol ratio and important linkages. Results showed that the plant genotype has the weakest influence on monolignol content and interunit linkages. In contrast, structural differences are more significant among lignins of different harvest time and/or season. Analyses were performed using fast and simple methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Data was assigned to four different linkages (A: β-O-4 linkage, B: phenylcoumaran, C: resinol, D: β-unsaturated ester). In conclusion, A content is particularly high in leaf-derived lignins at just under 70% and significantly lower in stem and mixture lignins at around 60% and almost 65%. The second most common linkage pattern is D in all isolated lignins, the proportion of which is also strongly dependent on the crop portion. Both stem and mixture lignins, have a relatively high share of approximately 20% or more (maximum is M. sinensis Sin2 with over 30%). In the leaf-derived lignins, the proportions are significantly lower on average. Stem samples should be chosen if the highest possible lignin content is desired, specifically from the M. x giganteus genotype, which revealed lignin contents up to 27%. Due to the better frost resistance and higher stem stability, M. nagara offers some advantages compared to M. x giganteus. Miscanthus crops are shown to be very attractive lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) for second generation biorefineries and lignin generation in Europe.