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Actors
(2021)
Social protection is for many international organizations a state’s affair.1 While the state definitely plays an important role, the state is by far not the only actor and there is no predefined institutional arrangement of how social protection should be implemented. An exclusive focus on the state would therefore be short-sighted when assessing and comparing the performance of social protection systems. It is hence important to understand the mix of actors involved, the type of contribution they can make to social protection and their modes of cooperation. This contribution will therefore first sketch out the role and interplay of the main actors in social protection and then challenge some of the common assumptions made around how roles are best allocated in the social protection system concerning the providers of informal social protection, the private sector, civil society organizations (CSO) as well as international actors.
Introduction: The paper analyses – basing itself on reports and other documents created by different parts of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) – the process which led to the adoption of Social Protection Floor Recommendation No. 202 and the shift in focus of social policy advice towards basic protection and to the Global South countries. We look at the actions of different actors which shape the standard setting and policy stand of the organisation. Objective: To provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical trajectory of ILO social security standards, examining the evolution of principles, conventions, and the global dynamics that have shaped the organization's approach to social protection over time. Materials and methods: The methods include examining ILO documents, relevant subject literature, and the author's participant observations from over twenty-years of service in the ILO's Social Security Department, aiming to provide insights into the decision-making processes within the organization. Conclusion: We conclude that change was brought by: 1) shift in the membership of the ILO and of its decision-making bodies towards the increased presence and powers of representatives from countries of the Global South, 2) the shift in the global development community policy priorities towards poverty reduction, 3) emergence of experimental social assistance schemes in Global South countries, with designs often ignoring principles embedded in the ILO standards. The Social Protection Floor Recommendation complements previous standards in response to the challenges of widespread poverty and informality and spreading atypical forms of employment. It provides two directions of policy responses: 1) formalizing informal employment relationships and 2) expanding universal or targeted rights-based social assistance schemes. Assistance provided by ILO to member states focuses now more on building the non-contributory schemes and on identifying the fiscal space necessary to close the coverage gaps. Nowadays, the ILO must collaborate more than before with other development partners and the main challenge is to build among them awareness and acceptance of the principles of the ILO social security standards.
Ausrangierte Nachrichten
(2022)
Wichtige Nachrichten finden nicht ihre Bestimmung, nämlich das politisch interessierte und gesellschaftlich aufgeschlossene Publikum. Man kann diesen Vorgang als Agenda Cutting bezeichnen. Der Beitrag stellt die wichtigsten theoretischen Positionen zu diesem bislang noch wenig erforschten Phänomen dar, präsentiert wichtige Studienergebnisse und auch eigene empirische Ergebnisse zu innerredaktionellen Entscheidungsfindungsprozessen, bei denen Themen von der Agenda gestrichen werden. Zuletzt wird auch die Rolle des Publikums als Akteur beim Vorgang des Agenda Cuttings kritisch beleuchtet, die man als »news ignorance« beschreiben könnte.[1]
Die schleichende Abschaffung der Lernmittelfreiheit in den deutschen Bundesländern steht im Jahr 2022 auf Platz 1 der Top Ten der ›Vergessenen Nachrichten‹, die die Initiative Nachrichtenaufklärung (INA) e.V. jedes Jahr in die Öffentlichkeit lanciert. Der Chef des Fernsehnachrichtenmagazins Tagesthemen und stellvertretender Chefredakteur von ARD-Aktuell, Helge Fuhst, konzedierte in der Mediensendung eines öffentlich-rechtlichen Radiosenders, dass er dieses Thema für hochrelevant halte und es tatsächlich in seiner TV-Nachrichtensendung nicht behandelt worden sei. »Was das Schwierigste ist, ist tatsächlich Themen wegzulassen«, so Fuhst. »Es schmerzt uns jeden Tag, wenn wir Themen weglassen müssen. Es gibt wenige Tage im Laufe des Jahres, wo wir absolut keine Idee haben, was wir in die Sendung nehmen sollen« (WDR 2022).
Der Vorgang der Nachrichtenselektion ist redaktionelle Routine, und zu dieser Routine zählt auch, Themen wegzulassen, auszusortieren, fortzuschmeißen. Wenn dieser negative Prozess intentional erfolgt, kann man auch von Agenda Cutting sprechen. Dieser kommunikationswissenschaftliche Begriff beschreibt eine eigene Form redaktioneller Routine, die bislang nur wenig untersucht worden ist und deren Mechanismen mit ihrem erheblichen Einfluss auf die öffentliche Meinungsbildung dringend unter das Seziermesser der Medienforschung gehören.
The idea of a basic income grant (BIG) is not new and there are ongoing debates internationally as well as nationally in low- and middle-income countries just like in high-income countries of a BIG as a social protection policy option. The challenge is that there are different conceptualisations, which conflates and muddles the understanding. In the context of social assistance provision, a universal basic income grant (UBIG) is often compared and contrasted against targeted cash transfers (CTs). This case study systematically presents the arguments for targeted CTs and UBIGs. The value of the case study is that it systematically brings together these arguments, highlighting the variations in UBIG applications, including the evidence and actual impact of UBIG experiments. The structure of the case study is as follows: Section 2 simultaneously contrasts and compares the arguments for targeted CTs and UBIG. Section 3 discusses UBIG experiments, as well as presenting the evidence on the application of the UBIG idea, and Section 4 concludes.
In recent years, the basic income grant (BIG) discourse has gained attention worldwide as a potential policy option in social protection as testified by recent public debates, ongoing pilot projects, campaigning efforts,1 policy measures during Covid-19 and the surge in academic research. A BIG refers to regular cash transfers paid to all members of society irrespective of their socio-economic status, their capacity or willingness to participate in the labour market or having to meet pre-determined conditions (Offe 2008; Van Parijs 1995, 2003; Wright 2004, 2006). Despite the recent hype around BIG, Iran is the only country worldwide with a scaled-up BIG (Tabatabai 2011, 2012). Other programmes have never gone beyond pilot programmes. This raises the question why this is the case.
Policy analysis is the cornerstone of evidence-based policy making.1 It identifies the problems, informs programme design, supports the monitoring of policy implementation and is needed to evaluate programme impacts (Scott 2005). Rigorous and credible policy evidence is necessary to ensure the transparency and accountability of policy decisions, to secure political and public support and, hence, the allocation of financial resources. Sound policy analysis helps design effective and efficient programmes, thereby maximizing programme impact.
Der Öffentliche Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) übernimmt eine wichtige Funktion in Sachen Bevölkerungsgesundheit und wird häufig, neben ambulanter und stationärer Versorgung, als ‚dritte Säule‘ im deutschen Gesundheitswesen beschrieben. Diese sprachlich gleichwertige Positionierung spiegelt sich allerdings in der Realität nicht wider, im Vergleich ist seine Stellung eher schwach. In der Frage, welche Ursachen hierfür vorliegen, könnte eine Hypothese lauten, dass ein diffuses Aufgabenprofil einen negativen Einfluss auf seine Stellung ausübt. Um diesen möglichen Einfluss näher zu untersuchen, lautet die Forschungsfrage: „Wie lässt sich die Stellung des ÖGD innerhalb des deutschen Gesundheitswesens anhand seines Aufgabenprofils aus kontingenztheoretischer Perspektive erklären?“.
Zu deren Beantwortung wird zunächst die Ausgestaltung der aktuellen Aufgabenprofile erhoben und verglichen. Anschließend untersucht die Arbeit mit Hilfe der organisationssoziologischen Kontingenztheorie, welche situativen Einflussfaktoren sich möglicherweise auf Aufgabenprofil und damit auch die Stellung des ÖGD ausgewirkt haben. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass Veränderungen in den Aufgaben teilweise recht deutlich in Verbindung gebracht werden können mit Veränderungen der Organisationssituation, auch lässt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen Aufgabenprofil und Stellung vermuten. Soll dem ÖGD in Zukunft wieder eine stärkere Bedeutung zukommen, so ist es neben einer gewissen Vereinheitlichung der Aufgabenprofile von großer Bedeutung, ihm wieder exklusive Aufgaben zuzusprechen. Diese könnten insbesondere in den Bereichen Planung, Koordination und Steuerung, Datengewinnung und aufbereitung oder darin liegen, sich wieder verstärkt auf Bevölkerungsgruppen zu fokussieren, welche nicht durch andere Bereiche abgedeckt werden. Hierfür müssen die nötigen Ressourcen zur Verfügung stehen: Neben den bereits beschlossenen Unterstützungsleistungen gilt es insbesondere in Bezug auf die personelle Ausstattung, den ÖGD langfristig attraktiv zu gestalten. Dazu kann eine aufgewertete Stellung sowie eine verbesserte Situation in den einzelnen Behörden einen großen Teil beitragen.
Im Zuge der Migrationsbewegung in den Jahren 2015 und 2016 hat die menschenwürdige Unterbringung von geflüchteten Menschen in Kommunen in Deutschland an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen. Der Anstieg der Asylbewerber:innen in den Kommunen sowie die Bundesinitiative „Schutz von geflüchteten Menschen in Flüchtlingsunterkünften“ haben Veränderungen im Hinblick auf Schutzstandards in der kommunalen Unterbringung geflüchteter Menschen hervorgerufen. Der Artikel erklärt diese Veränderungen mittels einer akteurszentrierten organisationssoziologischen Herangehensweise. Grundlage sind empirische Forschungsergebnisse des Projektes „Organisational Perspectives on Human Security Standards for Refugees in Germany“ aus zwei deutschen Kommunen.
Discarded news
(2022)
When important news fail to reach their recipients, namely, the politically interested, socially open-minded public, we sometimes refer to this process as agenda cutting. This article presents the key theoretical positions on this under-researched phenomenon, presenting important study results as well as our own empirical findings on internal editorial decision-making processes whereby topics are removed from the agenda. Last, we will critically examine the role of the audience as an actor in agenda cutting, which could be described as »news ignorance«.[1]
The top story showcased by Initiative Nachrichtenaufklärung (INA) e.V. in 2022 was the creeping abolition of free textbooks in German schools. In a public radio broadcast, the head of TV news magazine Tagesthemen and deputy editor-in-chief of ARD-Aktuell, Helge Fuhst, conceded that he considered this topic highly relevant, yet it had indeed not been covered in his TV news program. »Leaving out topics is, in fact, the most difficult challenge,« Fuhst said. »Having to drop topics hurts every day. There are only a few days a year when we have absolutely no idea what to put on the air.« (WDR 2022)
The process of news selection is editorial routine, which includes omitting, discarding, or abandoning topics. When this negative process is intentional, it can also be referred to as agenda cutting. This term from the field of communications science describes a distinct form of editorial routine that has been little studied to date and whose mechanisms, with their considerable influence on the formation of public opinion, are in urgent need of media research scrutiny.
Do remittances and social assistance transfers have different impacts on household’s expenditure patterns? While two separate strands of literature have looked at how social assistance or remittances have been spent, few studies have compared them directly. Using data from a household survey conducted in Moldova in 2011, this paper assesses the impact both types of transfers have on household expenditure patterns. Contrary to the common assumption that money is fungible, we find that social assistance and remittances have different impacts on expenditure patterns (having controlled for potential endogeneity). In other words, where the income comes from can determine how it is spent. As such, different sources of income may have different poverty impacts. In our sample, the two types of transfers are received by different, but slightly overlapping population groups. The fact that the two transfers are spent in different ways means that, to some extent, social assistance and remittances are complements rather than substitutes.
We analyze short-term effects of free hospitalization insurance for the poorest quintile of the population in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. First, we exploit that eligibility is based on an exogenous poverty score threshold and apply a regression discontinuity design. Second, we exploit imperfect rollout and compare insured and uninsured households using propensity score matching. With both methods we fail to detect significant effects on the incidence of hospitalization. Whereas the program did not meaningfully increase the quantity of health care consumed, insured households more often choose private hospitals, indicating a shift towards higher perceived quality of care.
Purpose To investigate how completing vocational re-training influenced income and employment days of working-age people with disabilities in the first 8 years after program admission. The investigation also included the influence of vocational re-training on the likelihood of receiving an earnings incapacity pension and on social security benefit receipt. Methods This retrospective cohort study with 8 years follow up was based on data from 2399 individuals who had completed either a 1-year vocational re-training program (n = 278), or a 2-year vocational re-training program (n = 1754) or who were admitted into re-training but never completed the program (n = 367). A propensity score-based method was used to account for observed differences and establish comparability between program graduates and program dropouts. Changes in outcomes were examined using the inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment method. Results After controlling for other factors, over the 8 years after program admission, graduates of 1-year re-training, on average, were employed for an additional 405 days, 95% CI [249 days, 561 days], and had earned €24,260 more than without completed re-training, 95% CI [€12,805, €35,715]. Two-year program completers, on average, were employed for 441 additional days, 95% CI [349 days, 534 days], and had earned €35,972 more than without completed re-training, 95% CI [€27,743, €44,202]. The programs also significantly reduced the number of days on social-security and unemployment benefits and lowered the likelihood of an earnings incapacity pension. Conclusion Policies to promote the labor market re-integration of persons with disabilities should consider that vocational re-training may be an effective tool for sustainably improving work participation outcomes.
What does ‘desirable’ or ‘sustainable’ mean in the context of labour migration? And what should programmes geared towards making migration more compatible with development look like? These questions provided the starting point for the ‘Sustainable Labour Migration’ research project implemented by Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences between December 2020 and August 2022. The project looked at how sustainability in different transnational skills partnership schemes was perceived by different stakeholders in three countries chosen as case studies: Georgia, Kosovo and Vietnam. Embracing the notion of a ‘triple win’, many transnational skills partnership schemes aim to deliver benefits for their main stakeholder groups. As well as reflecting critically on this triple-win narrative, this paper also argues for a more nuanced approach in order to grasp the complexity of skilled labour migration. The paper introduces one such approach, namely the sustainable labour migration framework, and highlights the key elements of the research project. It details the methodology used in the study (systematic literature review – employer survey – semi-structured, in-depth interviews – focus group interviews) and explores the perception of sustainability in skilled labour migration with a focus on the cost/benefit ratio, the relationship between vocational education and training and labour migration, and the various arrangements for the partnerships employed in the schemes. In introducing the key findings from the three countries selected for the case studies, the paper highlights that the perception of sustainability is not underpinned by a comprehensive understanding of the term amongst most stakeholders. Within all the schemes, however, some stakeholders identified elements which make a positive contribution to development in the respective countries of origin and thus identify elements of sustainable labour migration with room for improvement in multiple areas. The paper concludes with a presentation of overall policy recommendations: The ongoing reform of Germany’s labour migration policy should be accompanied by more development-oriented activities. As part of this, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) should stand up more forcefully for the needs of migrants and potential partner countries in order to reduce existing inequalities
Gesundheits-Apps und Wearables erfreuen sich zunehmender Beliebtheit und ermöglichen, persönliche Gesundheitsdaten zu erfassen und auszuwerten oder allgemeine Gesundheitsinformationen zu erhalten. Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Forschungsprojektes wurden Nutzende und Nicht-Nutzende mittels einer Onlineumfrage sowie problemzentrierten qualitativen Interviews zu ihrem Nutzungsverhalten befragt. Ziel war die Exploration der Einstellungen und Erfahrungen in Bezug auf diese Technologien sowie die Selbstbestimmung der Nutzenden und ihre Solidaritätsbereitschaft innerhalb der Krankenversicherung.
While social protection has become an important policy field in many low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs), 55 per cent of the world’s population are still not even covered by one social protection benefit, with 87 per cent of people uncovered in Sub-Saharan Africa and 61 per cent in Asia and the Pacific (ILO 2017). Next to undercoverage, there are other factors that lower the efficiency, effectiveness and social justice of social protection in many countries, such as the lack of a joint vision and policy strategy, fragmented social protection programmes, duplication of administrative systems and efforts and irrational prioritisation in spending. These all call for a stronger systems approach to social protection. This handbook is therefore dedicated to social protection systems, highlighting the relevance but also the challenges that are related to a harmonised and coordinated approach across different social protection instruments, institutions, actors and delivery mechanisms. It takes the reader through all possible aspects of social protection systems.
While there is a standard set of instruments that can be used in social protection systems, this needs to be adapted and combined in different ways in order to serve different groups in society best. The needs of a young person who is just starting life and should not be trapped from birth in unfavourable socio-economic conditions are different from the social protection requirements of a retired person who has finished the active part of life and requires income and care security for an indefinite time period.
The changing world poses many challenges to public policies, including social policies – among them social protection policies, which are the main focus of this handbook. Here, in this part of the handbook, we take on a number of these challenges: demographic changes and their interaction with social protection policies; roles of social protection in coping with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (both topics discussed in Chapter 39 and 43 by Woodall); the challenges of globalisation (discussed in Chapter 40 by Betz) and the limitations it imposes on state sovereignty and its ability to decide on the size of publicly funded programmes, in particular social protection; challenges to labour markets and social effective protection coverage posed by automation and digitalisation of businesses (discussed in Chapter 41 by Gassmann) and, last but not least, potential roles of social protection in facilitating population’s adjustments to climate change (discussed in Chapter 42 by Malerba).
Designing a social protection system is of course not only a technical exercise but a very political affair. A systems approach to social protection is shaped by the political elites and the respective coalitions of change, the political institutions as well as the political system of a country. This explains why also seemingly similar countries in terms of their risk profile, poverty situation and economic situation can adopt very different social protection systems or make very different progress with respect to social protection expansion. Not only are the established welfare states of the Global North but also the nascent social protection systems in the Global South a testimony of this variety.
Dieses Einführungspapier ist als Orientierungshilfe zum Thema Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) (engl. Artifical Intelligence, AI) im DaF/DaZ-Kontext gedacht. Ausgehend von häufig gestellten Fragen enthält es grundsätzliche Informationen zu technischen und historischen Hintergründen, didaktisch-methodische Reflexionsanregungen sowie praktische Ideen zum Einsatz von KI im DaF/DaZ-Kontext.