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This paper gives an overview of the development of Fair Trade in six European countries: Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. After the description of the food retail industry and its market structures in these countries, the main European Fair Trade organizations are analyzed regarding their role within the Fair Trade system. The following part deals with the development of Fair Trade sales in general and with respect to the products coffee, tea, bananas, fruit juice and sugar. An overview of the main activities of national Fair Trade organizations, e.g. public relation activities, completes the analysis. This study shows the enormous upswing of Fair Trade during the last decade and the reasons for this development. Nevertheless, it comes to the conclusion that Fair Trade is still far away from being an essential part of the food retail industry in Europe.
The ability to track moving people is a key aspect of autonomous robot systems in real-world environments. Whilst for many tasks knowing the approximate positions of people may be sufficient, the ability to identify unique people is needed to accurately count people in the real world. To accomplish the people counting task, a robust system for people detection, tracking and identification is needed.
Updating a shared data structure in a parallel program is usually done with some sort of high-level synchronization operation to ensure correctness and consistency. The realization of such high-level synchronization operations is done with appropriate low-level atomic synchronization instructions that the target processor architecture provides. These instructions are costly and often limited in their scalability on larger multi-core / multi-processor systems. In this paper, a technique is discussed that replaces atomic updates of a shared data structure with ordinary and cheaper read/write operations. The necessary conditions are specified that must be fulfilled to ensure overall correctness of the program despite missing synchronization. The advantage of this technique is the reduction of access costs as well as more scalability due to elided atomic operations. But on the other side, possibly more work has to be done caused by missing synchronization. Therefore, additional work is traded against costly atomic operations. A practical application is shown with level-synchronous parallel Breadth-First Search on an undirected graph where two vertex frontiers are accessed in parallel. This application scenario is also used for an evaluation of the technique. Tests were done on four different large parallel systems with up to 64-way parallelism. It will be shown that for the graph application examined the amount of additional work caused by missing synchronization is neglectible and the performance is almost always better than the approach with atomic operations.
Seit vielen Jahren ist der Übergang von der Schule zur Hochschule eines der zentralen Themen für didaktische Theorien, empirische Untersuchungen und bildungspolitische Diskussionen. Ein dabei identifiziertes großes Problem vieler Studierender ist, dass mit dem Abitur „eine Lebensphase mit meist klar definierten Zielen in überschaubaren räumlichen, familiären und schulischen Strukturen endet“.1) Entscheidet man sich als Studierender gegen die nicht akademische Laufbahn und nimmt ein Hochschulstudium auf, trifft man auf Studienstrukturen und -bedingungen, die einem fremd und chaotisch vorkommen können. Der Weg an die Hochschulen ermöglicht den Individuen eine Reihe von Optionen, ist aber leider auch immer mit Risiken und Unsicherheiten behaftet. Entscheidungen müssen nun selbstständig vorbereitet und getroffen werden und dies in einem Umfeld, das sehr unterschiedlich im Vergleich zur bekannten Schulstruktur sein kann.
Informatikerinnen und Informatiker aller Fachrichtungen müssen die grundlegenden Konzepte, Methoden und Verfahren, die der Entwicklung und dem Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien zugrunde liegen, verstehen und bei der Lösung von Problemen anwenden können. Das Buch stellt die algebraischen und zahlentheoretischen Grundlagen dafür vor und wendet diese bei der Lösung praktischer Problemstellungen, wie modulare Arithmetik, Primzahltests und Verschlüsselung an. Das Verständnis der Begriffe und deren Zusammenhänge und Zusammenwirken wird u.a. durch Lernziele, integrierte Übungsaufgaben mit Musterlösungen und Marginalien unterstützt. Das Buch ist zum Selbststudium gut geeignet.
The analytical pyrolysis technique hyphenated to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has extended the range of possible tools for the characterization of synthetic polymers and copolymers. Pyrolysis involves thermal fragmentation of the analytical sample at temperatures of 500–1400 °C. In the presence of an inert gas, reproducible decomposition products characteristic for the original polymer or copolymer sample are formed. The pyrolysis products are chromatographically separated using a fused-silica capillary column and are subsequently identified by interpretation of the obtained mass spectra or by using mass spectra libraries. The analytical technique eliminates the need for pretreatment by performing analyses directly on the solid or liquid polymer sample. In this article, application examples of analytical pyrolysis hyphenated to GC–MS for the identification of different polymeric materials in the plastic and automotive industry, dentistry, and occupational safety are demonstrated. For the first time, results of identification of commercial light-curing dental filling material and a car wrapping foil by pyrolysis–GC–MS are presented.
The analytical pyrolysis technique hyphenated to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has extended the range of possible tools for the characterization of synthetic polymers and copolymers. Pyrolysis involves thermal fragmentation of the analytical sample at temperatures of 500–1400 °C. In the presence of an inert gas, reproducible decomposition products characteristic for the original polymer or copolymer sample are formed. The pyrolysis products are chromatographically separated using a fused-silica capillary column and are subsequently identified by interpretation of the obtained mass spectra or by using mass spectra libraries. The analytical technique eliminates the need for pretreatment by performing analyses directly on the solid or liquid polymer sample. In this article, application examples of analytical pyrolysis hyphenated to GC–MS for the identification of different polymeric materials in the plastic and automotive industry, dentistry, and occupational safety are demonstrated. For the first time, results of identification of commercial light-curing dental filling material and a car wrapping foil by pyrolysis–GC–MS are presented.
The work being described in this paper is the result of a cooperation project between the Institute of Visual Computing at the Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Germany and the Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering at the Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil. The aim of the project is the development of a virtual environment based training simulator which enables for better and faster learning the control of upper limb prostheses. The focus of the paper is the description of the technical setup since learning tutorials still need to be developed as well as a comprehensive evaluation still needs to be carried out.