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Weltentwicklungspolitik – Aufgabe kompetenter und demokratisch legitimierter Globaler Staatlichkeit
(2010)
Wesch D, Miranda P, Afonso-Oramas D, Althaus M, Castro-Hernandez J, Dominguez J, Morty RE, Clauss W, Gonzalez-Hernandez T, Alvarez de la Rosa D, Giraldez T. The neuronalspecific SGK1.1 kinase regulates delta-epithelial Na+ channel independently of PY motifs and couples it to phospholipase C signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 299: C779-C790, 2010. First published July 14, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00184.2010.-The delta-subunit of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is expressed in neurons of the human and monkey central nervous system and forms voltage-independent, amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels when expressed in heterologous systems. It has been proposed that delta-ENaC could affect neuronal excitability and participate in the transduction of ischemic signals during hypoxia or inflammation. The regulation of delta-ENaC activity is poorly understood. ENaC channels in kidney epithelial cells are regulated by the serum-and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1). Recently, a new isoform of this kinase (SGK1.1) has been described in the central nervous system. Here we show that delta-ENaC isoforms and SGK1.1 are coexpressed in pyramidal neurons of the human and monkey (Macaca fascicularis) cerebral cortex. Coexpression of delta beta gamma-ENaC and SGK1.1 in Xenopus oocytes increases amiloride-sensitive current and channel plasma membrane abundance. The kinase also exerts its effect when delta-subunits are expressed alone, indicating that the process is not dependent on accessory subunits or the presence of PY motifs in the channel. Furthermore, SGK1.1 action depends on its enzymatic activity and binding to phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate. Physiological or pharmacological activation of phospholipase C abrogates SGK1.1 interaction with the plasma membrane and modulation of delta-ENaC. Our data support a physiological role for SGK1.1 in the regulation of delta-ENaC through a pathway that differs from the classical one and suggest that the kinase could serve as an integrator of different signaling pathways converging on the channel.
Environment monitoring using multiple observation cameras is increasingly popular. Different techniques exist to visualize the incoming video streams, but only few evaluations are available to find the best suitable one for a given task and context. This article compares three techniques for browsing video feeds from cameras that are located around the user in an unstructured manner. The techniques allow mobile users to gain extra information about the surroundings, the objects and the actors in the environment by observing a site from different perspectives. The techniques relate local and remote cameras topologically, via a tunnel, or via bird's eye viewpoint. Their common goal is to enhance spatial awareness of the viewer, without relying on a model or previous knowledge of the environment. We introduce several factors of spatial awareness inherent to multi-camera systems, and present a comparative evaluation of the proposed techniques with respect to spatial understanding and workload.
In this paper, we report on four generations of display-sensor platforms for handheld augmented reality. The paper is organized as a compendium of requirements that guided the design and construction of each generation of the handheld platforms. The first generation, reported in [17]), was a result of various studies on ergonomics and human factors. Thereafter, each following iteration in the design-production process was guided by experiences and evaluations that resulted in new guidelines for future versions. We describe the evolution of hardware for handheld augmented reality, the requirements and guidelines that motivated its construction.
Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency: Phenotype, genotype and structural consequences in 17 patients
(2010)
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency Caused by a Novel Genomic Deletion c.505_513del of DPYD
(2010)
BACKGROUND
Activator protein-2 (AP-2) transcription factors are critically involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis and have also been implicated in carcinogenesis. Expression of the family members AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma is particularly well documented in malignancies of the female breast. Despite increasing evaluation of single AP-2 isoforms in mammary tumors the functional role of concerted expression of multiple AP-2 isoforms in breast cancer remains to be elucidated. AP-2 proteins can form homo- or heterodimers, and there is growing evidence that the net effect whether a cell will proliferate, undergo apoptosis or differentiate is partly dependent on the balance between different AP-2 isoforms.
METHODS
We simultaneously interfered with all AP-2 isoforms expressed in ErbB-2-positive murine N202.1A breast cancer cells by conditionally over-expressing a dominant-negative AP-2 mutant.
RESULTS
We show that interference with AP-2 protein function lead to reduced cell number, induced apoptosis and increased chemo- and radiation-sensitivity. Analysis of global gene expression changes upon interference with AP-2 proteins identified 139 modulated genes (90 up-regulated, 49 down-regulated) compared with control cells. Gene Ontology (GO) investigations for these genes revealed Cell Death and Cell Adhesion and Migration as the main functional categories including 25 and 12 genes, respectively. By using information obtained from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Systems we were able to present proven or potential connections between AP-2 regulated genes involved in cell death and response to chemo- and radiation therapy, (i.e. Ctgf, Nrp1, Tnfaip3, Gsta3) and AP-2 and other main apoptosis players and to create a unique network.
CONCLUSIONS
Expression of AP-2 transcription factors in breast cancer cells supports proliferation and contributes to chemo- and radiation-resistance of tumor cells by impairing the ability to induce apoptosis. Therefore, interference with AP-2 function could increase the sensitivity of tumor cells towards therapeutic intervention.
Changes in plasma amino acid concentrations with increasing age in patients with propionic acidemia
(2010)
Die Dritte Welt in der fossilen Ressourcenfalle – Ressourcenabhängigkeit trotz Ressourcenreichtum
(2010)
Die Städte der Dritten Welt orientierten sich in der nachkolonialen Ära wie selbstverständlich am Vorbild der industriegesellschaftlichen Entwicklung und damit an deren energieintensivem Wachstumsmodell. Dadurch wurden und werden sie unvermittelt und ohne Zeit zur Anpassung einer Wachstumsflut ausgesetzt. Ein beispielloser Zuzug überschwemmt die Städte der Dritten Welt und überfordert in kürzester Zeit ihre Infrastruktur.
Die Debatte um muslimische Einwandernde in Deutschland, die in jüngster Zeit neuen Auftrieb erhalten hat (1), offenbart immer wieder simplifizierende Sichtweisen vom Islam als einer homogenen Religion. Dabei beweist bereits ein Blick auf die vielfältige muslimische Organisationslandschaft in Deutschland: Es gibt nicht den Islam, sondern stattdessen eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher islamischer Strömungen, welche mitunter in Konkurrenz zu einander stehen und sich mal mehr, mal weniger deutlich voneinander abgrenzen. Diese Vielfalt der MuslimInnen in Deutschland sowie ihr eher geringer Organisationsgrad erschwert die Bildung eines zentralen islamischen Ansprechpartners, der für sich in Anspruch nehmen könnte, für die Mehrheit der MuslimInnen in Deutschland zu sprechen.