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Wirtschaft und Entwicklung: Die Bedeutung der Privatwirtschaft in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
(2013)
These times are very troubled ones. Not only do wars and political unrest seem to prevail in different regions of the world, but, corruption and fraud have reached an incredible dimension, too. It seems that societies have, to a large extent, lost values in which they had formerly believed in. These issues may be the background why at the moment Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a voluntary commitment is discussed in public that intensively. However, one gets the impression that this rather often seems to be superficial. Therefore, it is time to do some in-depth research to identify whether there is real substance behind these discussions or not. Latin America is a big continent with a greater number of countries which are running through difficult times as to corruption and fraud. Consequently, the author studied the policy of the central employers association Consejo Empresarial de America Latina (CEAL) with respect to the role of CSR. On the basis of statements, news and results of studies being regularly published, conclusions were drawn to which extent social and environmental aspects, along the line of ISO 26000, are playing a relevant role.
In order to avoid a too narrow view of the issue, a holistic approach concerning the generalsituation of Latin America has been selected using parameters such as economic growth, increase of population, poverty, inequality, and the global responsibility for environment. Furthermore, apart from the central organization CEAL, regional and national institutions with a specific mission for spreading and implementing CSR and two communal projects were analyzed as well. The conclusion of the paper is that there are some CSR "lighthouses" but an urgent need exists to spread the idea of CSR more intensively across the continent. Corresponding recommendations about how to increase the relevance of CSR in Latin America are given at the end of the paper.
Aufgrund eines nahezu gleichlautenden Beschlusses des Kreistages im Rhein-Sieg-Kreis (RSK) und des Hauptausschusses der Stadt Bonn im Jahr 2011 wurden die jeweiligen Verwaltungen beauftragt, gemeinsam mit den Energieversorgern der Region ein Starthilfekonzept Elektromobilität zu entwickeln. In Folge dieses Beschlusses konstituierte sich Ende 2011 ein Arbeitskreis, der aus den Verwaltungen des Rhein-Sieg-Kreises und der Stadt Bonn, den Energieversorgern SWB Energie und Wasser, der Rhenag, den Stadtwerken Troisdorf, der Rheinenergie und den RWE besteht. Die inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte, die inzwischen in drei Arbeitskreisen behandelt werden, umfassen den Ausbau der Ladeinfrastruktur, die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und die Bereitstellung von Strom aus regenerativen Quellen durch den Zubau entsprechender Anlagen in der Region. Während Maßnahmen zur Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und die Bereitstellung Grünen Stroms aus den Arbeitskreisen direkt bearbeitet und bewegt werden, ist dies aufgrund der Komplexität des Themas und der zahlreichen Einflussgrößen beim Ausbau der Ladeinfrastruktur nicht möglich. Daraus entstand die Überlegung einer Kooperation mit der Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg.
The combination of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is challenging due to the different natures of both concepts. SDN describes networks with homogeneous, static and centralized controlled topologies. In contrast, a WMN is characterized by a dynamic and distributed network control, and adds new challenges with respect to time-critical operation. However, SDN and WMN are both associated with decreasing the operational costs for communication networks which is especially beneficial for internet provisioning in rural areas. This work surveys the current status for Software-Defined Wireless Mesh Networking. Besides a general overview in the domain of wireless SDN, this work focuses especially on different identified aspects: representing and controlling wireless interfaces, control-plane connection and topology discovery, modulation and coding, routing and load-balancing and client handling. A complete overview of surveyed solutions, open issues and new research directions is provided with regard to each aspect.
In January 2015, German trade and industry announced to support the national animal welfare initiative "Initiative Tierwohl" (ITW) which stands for a more sustainable and animal-friendly meat production. A web content analysis shows that the ITW initiative has been widely picked up and discussed by online media and that user comments are quite heterogeneous. The current study identifies different types of consumers through factor and cluster analysis and is based on an online survey as well as face-to-face interviews. According to our results, the identified consumer groups demonstrate a rather passive comment behaviour on the internet. In fact, the internet was hardly mentioned as an information source for meat production; consumers more frequently referred to brochures, leaflets and personal contacts with sales personnel.
Argentina substantially contributes to the global organic agriculture and food sector due to its large areas of organically managed agricultural land. However, most of the organic production is foreseen for export. Overall, food supply for the domestic organic market is hardly tapped. This study investigates the current importance of organic agriculture and food production as well as its consumption within the country. The novelty of the study also lies in the observation, documentation and analysis of latest stakeholder-driven developments towards organic agriculture and food. The publication allows to make the Argentinian organic market significantly more visible for the international audience.
Food losses occur for many reasons at all stages of supply chains for fruits, vegetables and potatoes. They cause immense economic, environmental and social costs – not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. According to the European Commission, about 90 million tonnes of food are wasted annually in Europe alone. However, particularly for the early stages of supply chains for fruits, vegetables and potatoes there is still a lack of reliable data. Thus, one objective of this study is to contribute to the quantification of food losses between field and retail, where the main focus is set on potatoes, apples, carrots, strawberries and asparagus. Furthermore, neither reasons why products are removed from the supply chains nor their alternative uses are fully examined yet. This is why, the study takes a look on those issues, too. Results are based on data from an online survey among producers of fruits, vegetables and potatoes in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany and on interviews with producers and other supply chain experts. Findings suggest that the products’ size and form, their storage capabilities and food safety issues have big impacts on food losses. Despite a small sample size, these findings are in line with recent studies.
Das Thema Nachhaltigkeit hat sich in der heutigen Zeit in vielerlei Hinsicht weiterentwickelt. Auch bei der Entwicklung von Produkten ist der Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit angekommen und wird vermehrt umgesetzt. Dies hat zur Folge, dass auch der Konsument sich mit der Nachhaltigkeit seines Produkts auseinandersetzt.
Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Fragestellung, ob der Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit auch bei der Kaufentscheidung eine Rolle spielt. Fokussiert wurden besonders die Aspekte: Nachhaltigkeit und Marketing, Wahrnehmung von nachhaltigen Aspekten der Unternehmen, sowie der Produkte, Vertrauen der Konsumenten in Siegel und die soziale Erwartungshaltung der Konsumenten.
Die Analyse resultiert auf der Basis eines durchgeführten Experiments sowie einer schriftlichen Befragung der 73 Probanden, bestehend aus Studenten der Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen nicht nur den Handlungsbedarf der Unternehmen, sondern auch die Wahrnehmung der Konsumenten zu Produkten und Unternehmen und dass der Aspekt der Nachhaltigkeit auch bei täglichen Kaufentscheidungen eine Rolle spielen kann.
Viele Bereiche des Wirtschaftslebens werden heute durch die Digitalisierung beeinflusst. Sowohl auf Grundlage neuer technischer Möglichkeiten und der damit einhergehenden Vernetzung, als auch mit einem Wandel im Konsumverhalten hat sich die Sharing Economy entwickelt. Auf dem Gebiet der urbanen Mobilität ergibt sich für Anbieter und Nachfrager eine Vielzahl neuer Möglichkeiten im Rahmen der Sharing Economy. Die Arbeit setzt sich sowohl mit den aktuellen Mobilitätstrends, als auch mit dem Wandel im Konsumverhalten auseinander. Im Fokus steht hierbei das Ridesourcing, also die entgeltlichen Personenbeförderung von privaten Fahrern mit eigenem Fahrzeug, bei der der Fahrgast das Fahrziel bestimmt und die Vorteile die ein Markteintritt dieser Anbieter mit sich bringt.
Infection Exposure Promotes ETV6-RUNX1 Precursor B-cell Leukemia via Impaired H3K4 Demethylases
(2017)
ETV6-RUNX1 is associated with the most common subtype of childhood leukemia. As few ETV6-RUNX1 carriers develop precursor B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (pB-ALL), the underlying genetic basis for development of full-blown leukemia remains to be identified, but the appearance of leukemia cases in time-space clusters keeps infection as a potential causal factor. Here we present in vivo genetic evidence mechanistically connecting preleukemic ETV6-RUNX1 expression in hematopoetic stem cells/peripheral cells (HSC/PC) and postnatal infections for human-like pB-ALL. In our model, ETV6-RUNX1 conferred a low risk of developing pB-ALL after exposure to common pathogens, corroborating the low incidence observed in humans. Murine preleukemic ETV6-RUNX1 pro/preB cells showed high Rag1/2 expression, known for human ETV6-RUNX1 pB-ALL. Murine and human ETV6-RUNX1 pB-ALL revealed recurrent genomic alterations, with a relevant proportion affecting genes of the lysine demethylase (KDM) family. KDM5C loss-of-function resulted in increased levels of H3K4me3, which co-precipitated with RAG2 in a human cell line model, laying the molecular basis for recombination activity. We conclude that alterations of KDM family members represent a disease-driving mechanism and an explanation for RAG off-target cleavage observed in humans. Our results explain the genetic basis for clonal evolution of an ETV6-RUNX1 preleukemic clone to pB-ALL after infection exposure and offer the possibility of novel therapeutic approaches.
Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Intelligente Analyse- und Informationssysteme (IAIS) betreibt seit mehreren Jahren auf dem Campus Schloss Birlinghoven in Sankt Augustin angewandte Forschung in den Bereichen Multisensordatenanalyse und Datenvisualisierung.
Im Rahmen einer mehrjährigen Kooperation zwischen dem Fraunhofer-IAIS und der Wehrtechnischen Dienststelle 71 (WTD71) wurde das Seeraumüberwachungssystem iLEXX entwickelt. Es soll den Benutzer auf auffällige Situationen hinweisen und ihm kontextabhängig alle notwendigen Handlungsoptionen zur weiteren Aufklärung der Situation oder der Abwehr einer Bedrohung aufzeigen. Das iLEXX-System verarbeitet eine Vielzahl von Sensordaten und Ereignissen. Abhängig vom Szenario kommen hier mehrere tausend Updates pro Sekunde zusammen, die in Echtzeit vorverarbeitet und visualisiert werden müssen.
Environment monitoring using multiple observation cameras is increasingly popular. Different techniques exist to visualize the incoming video streams, but only few evaluations are available to find the best suitable one for a given task and context. This article compares three techniques for browsing video feeds from cameras that are located around the user in an unstructured manner. The techniques allow mobile users to gain extra information about the surroundings, the objects and the actors in the environment by observing a site from different perspectives. The techniques relate local and remote cameras topologically, via a tunnel, or via bird's eye viewpoint. Their common goal is to enhance spatial awareness of the viewer, without relying on a model or previous knowledge of the environment. We introduce several factors of spatial awareness inherent to multi-camera systems, and present a comparative evaluation of the proposed techniques with respect to spatial understanding and workload.
In this paper, we report on four generations of display-sensor platforms for handheld augmented reality. The paper is organized as a compendium of requirements that guided the design and construction of each generation of the handheld platforms. The first generation, reported in [17]), was a result of various studies on ergonomics and human factors. Thereafter, each following iteration in the design-production process was guided by experiences and evaluations that resulted in new guidelines for future versions. We describe the evolution of hardware for handheld augmented reality, the requirements and guidelines that motivated its construction.