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The freshness changes in poultry fillets during storage were studied using a portable fiber-optic Raman spectrometer. Poultry fillets with the same storage life (9 days) and expiry date were purchased from a local store and stored at 4 °C. Their Raman spectra were measured on a daily basis up to day 21 using a QE Pro-Raman spectrometer with a laser excitation wavelength of 785 nm. The complex spectra were analyzed using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), which resulted in a separation of the samples into three quality classes according to their freshness: fresh, semi-fresh, and spoiled. These classes were based on and similar to the information inferred from the product label on the packages of poultry fillets. The PCA loadings revealed a decrease in the protein content of the poultry meat during spoilage, an increase in the formation of free amino acids, an increase in oxidation of amino acid residues, and an increase in microbial growth on the surface of the poultry fillets, as well as revealing information about hydrophobic interaction around the aliphatic residues. Similar groupings (fresh, semi-fresh, and spoiled) were also obtained from the results of an Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (AHCA) of the first five principal components. The results allow the conclusion that the portable fiber-optic Raman spectrometer can be used as a reliable and fast method for real-time freshness evaluation of poultry during storage.
The study aimed to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during spoilage of chicken breast filets under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, (70% O2; 30% CO2)). Storage tests were conducted at 6 °C in a household refrigerator. Measurements were made using untreated chicken breast filets and using filets inoculated with either Pseudomonas fluorescens or Escherichia coli bacteria. The gas space above the sample was adsorbed once a day on Tenax® TA and analyzed using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). During storage, 60 volatile organic compounds of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, and sulfur-containing compounds were detected. It was shown that the presence of most hydrocarbons and aldehydes declined during storage time, whereas most of the alcohols, ketones, sulfur-containing compounds, esters, and ethers increased. Some of these detected VOCs could act as indicators to describe the freshness loss of the product. The best spoilage markers for spoiled chicken breast filets under MAP were 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, and sulfur-containing compounds.
Renewable resources are gaining increasing interest as a source for environmentally benign biomaterials, such as drug encapsulation/release compounds, and scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Being the second largest naturally abundant polymer, the interest in lignin valorization for biomedical utilization is rapidly growing. Depending on its resource and isolation procedure, lignin shows specific antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Today, efforts in research and industry are directed toward lignin utilization as a renewable macromolecular building block for the preparation of polymeric drug encapsulation and scaffold materials. Within the last five years, remarkable progress has been made in isolation, functionalization and modification of lignin and lignin-derived compounds. However, the literature so far mainly focuses lignin-derived fuels, lubricants and resins. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the art and to highlight the most important results in the field of lignin-based materials for potential use in biomedicine (reported in 2014⁻2018). Special focus is placed on lignin-derived nanomaterials for drug encapsulation and release as well as lignin hybrid materials used as scaffolds for guided bone regeneration in stem cell-based therapies.
Renewable resources gain increasing interest as source for environmentally benign biomaterials, such as drug encapsulation/release compounds, and scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Being the second largest naturally abundant polymer, the interest in lignin valorization for biomedical utilization is rapidly growing. Depending on resource and isolation procedure, lignin shows specific antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Today, efforts in research and industry are directed toward lignin utilization as renewable macromolecular building block for the preparation of polymeric drug encapsulation and scaffold materials. Within the last five years, remarkable progress has been made in isolation, functionalization and modification of lignin and lignin-derived compounds. However, literature so far mainly focuses lignin-derived fuels, lubricants and resins. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the art and to highlight the most important results in the field of lignin-based materials for potential use in biomedicine (reported in 2014–2018). Special focus is drawn on lignin-derived nanomaterials for drug encapsulation and release as well as lignin hybrid materials used as scaffolds for guided bone regeneration in stem cell-based therapies.
