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This paper describes the security mechanisms of several wireless building automation technologies, namely ZigBee, EnOcean, ZWave, KNX, FS20, and Home-Matic. It is shown that none of the technologies provides the necessary measure ofsecurity that should be expected in building automation systems. One of the conclusions drawn is that software embedded in systems that are build for a lifetime of twenty years or more needs to be updatable.
This work provides a short but technical introduction to the main building blocks of a blockchain. It argues that a blockchain is not a revolutionary technology but rather a clever combination of three fields: cryptography, decentralization and game theory. In addition, it summaries the differences between a public, private and federate blockchain model and the two prominent consensus mechanism Proof-of-Work (POW) and Proof-of-Stake (POS).
Rural areas often lack affordable broadband Internet connectivity, mainly due to the CAPEX and especially OPEX of traditional operator equipment [HEKN11]. This digital divide limits the access to knowledge, health care and other services for billions of people. Different approaches to close this gap were discussed in the last decade [SPNB08]. In most rural areas satellite bandwidth is expensive and cellular networks (3G,4G) as well as WiMAX suffer from the usually low population density making it hard to amortize the costs of a base station [SPNB08].