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Effects of Workspace Awareness and Territoriality in Environments with Large, Shared Displays
(2016)
Synchronous cooperative work of multiple collaborators in large, high-resolution display systems comprises such psychological phenomena like workspace awareness and human territoriality. The phenomena and interplay between them can cause a significant impact on human-human and human-environment interaction. In a non-digital environment humans rely on their own physical abilities, utilities, and social protocols to control those phenomena (e.g. close eyes, or use earplugs to reduce workspace awareness; rotate oneself towards collaborators to increase workspace awareness). Digital environments, on the other hand, provide us with a possibility to ease, automate, and unify control processes, thus taking off that burden from users. Yet, we have to understand first, what effects workspace awareness and territoriality have within a collaborative environment. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate effects of workspace awareness and territoriality on users and interaction processes in mixed-focus scenarios of various collaborative settings.
Supported by their large size and high resolution, display walls suit well for different collaboration types. However, in order to foster instead of impede collaboration processes, interaction techniques need to be carefully designed, taking into regard the possibilities and limitations of the display size, and their effects on human perception and performance. In this paper we investigate the impact of visual distractors (which, for instance, might be caused by other collaborators' input) in peripheral vision on short-term memory and attention. The distractors occur frequently when multiple users collaborate in large wall display systems and may draw attention away from the main task, as such potentially affecting performance and cognitive load. Yet, the effect of these distractors is hardly understood. Gaining a better understanding thus may provide valuable input for designing more effective user interfaces. In this article, we report on two interrelated studies that investigated the effect of distractors. Depending on when the distractor is inserted in the task performance sequence, as well as the location of the distractor, user performance can be disturbed: we will show that distractors may not affect short term memory, but do have an effect on attention. We will closely look into the effects, and identify future directions to design more effective interfaces.