Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften und Kommunikation
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Virtueller Journalismus
(2019)
The paper presents the topological reduction method applied to gas transport networks, using contraction of series, parallel and tree-like subgraphs. The contraction operations are implemented for pipe elements, described by quadratic friction law. This allows significant reduction of the graphs and acceleration of solution procedure for stationary network problems. The algorithm has been tested on several realistic network examples. The possible extensions of the method to different friction laws and other elements are discussed.
In an effort to assist researchers in choosing basis sets for quantum mechanical modeling of molecules (i.e. balancing calculation cost versus desired accuracy), we present a systematic study on the accuracy of computed conformational relative energies and their geometries in comparison to MP2/CBS and MP2/AV5Z data, respectively. In order to do so, we introduce a new nomenclature to unambiguously indicate how a CBS extrapolation was computed. Nineteen minima and transition states of buta-1,3-diene, propan-2-ol and the water dimer were optimized using forty-five different basis sets. Specifically, this includes one Pople (i.e. 6-31G(d)), eight Dunning (i.e. VXZ and AVXZ, X=2-5), twenty-five Jensen (i.e. pc-n, pcseg-n, aug-pcseg-n, pcSseg-n and aug-pcSseg-n, n=0-4) and nine Karlsruhe (e.g. def2-SV(P), def2-QZVPPD) basis sets. The molecules were chosen to represent both common and electronically diverse molecular systems. In comparison to MP2/CBS relative energies computed using the largest Jensen basis sets (i.e. n=2,3,4), the use of smaller sizes (n=0,1,2 and n=1,2,3) provides results that are within 0.11--0.24 and 0.09-0.16 kcal/mol. To practically guide researchers in their basis set choice, an equation is introduced that ranks basis sets based on a user-defined balance between their accuracy and calculation cost. Furthermore, we explain why the aug-pcseg-2, def2-TZVPPD and def2-TZVP basis sets are very suitable choices to balance speed and accuracy.
The need for innovation around the control functions of inverters is great. PV inverters were initially expected to be passive followers of the grid and to disconnect as soon as abnormal conditions happened. Since future power systems will be dominated by generation and storage resources interfaced through inverters these converters must move from following to forming and sustaining the grid. As “digital natives” PV inverters can also play an important role in the digitalisation of distribution networks. In this short review we identified a large potential to make the PV inverter the smart local hub in a distributed energy system. At the micro level, costs and coordination can be improved with bidirectional inverters between the AC grid and PV production, stationary storage, car chargers and DC loads. At the macro level the distributed nature of PV generation means that the same devices will support both to the local distribution network and to the global stability of the grid. Much success has been obtained in the former. The later remains a challenge, in particular in terms of scaling. Yet there is some urgency in researching and demonstrating such solutions. And while digitalisation offers promise in all control aspects it also raises significant cybersecurity concerns.
Start-ups stehen im Wettbewerb um qualifizierte Mitarbeiter in starker Konkurrenz zu etablierten Unternehmen und Konzernen. Der Bedarf an Fachkräften (etwa Software-Entwicklern) ist größer als je zuvor [1]. Wie stellen sich Start-ups als Arbeitgeber dar, um Personal für sich zu gewinnen? Dieser Frage wurde im Rahmen der Studie „Start-ups als Arbeitgeber“ nachgegangen.
Die Bilder aus dem Silicon Valley sind bekannt: Das Großraumbüro mit den Sitzecken zum Zurückziehen. Schaukeln, Kickern und Videospiele zum Relaxen in den Arbeitspausen. Überall gibt es etwas zu essen und zu trinken, und das natürlich gratis. – Diese Vorstellungen haben viele im Kopf. Finden sich diese Bilder in der Selbstdarstellung deutscher Start-ups als Arbeitgeber wieder?
Die hier vorgestellte Studie will keine allgemeingültigen Ergebnisse liefern, sondern ist explorativ angelegt und soll zur weiteren Beschäftigung mit diesem Forschungsfeld in Wissenschaft und Praxis anregen.
This work introduces a semi-Lagrangian lattice Boltzmann (SLLBM) solver for compressible flows (with or without discontinuities). It makes use of a cell-wise representation of the simulation domain and utilizes interpolation polynomials up to fourth order to conduct the streaming step. The SLLBM solver allows for an independent time step size due to the absence of a time integrator and for the use of unusual velocity sets, like a D2Q25, which is constructed by the roots of the fifth-order Hermite polynomial. The properties of the proposed model are shown in diverse example simulations of a Sod shock tube, a two-dimensional Riemann problem and a shock-vortex interaction. It is shown that the cell-based interpolation and the use of Gauss-Lobatto-Chebyshev support points allow for spatially high-order solutions and minimize the mass loss caused by the interpolation. Transformed grids in the shock-vortex interaction show the general applicability to non-uniform grids.
Pseudopotential (PP)-basierte Lattice-Boltzmann-Methoden werden zunehmend für die Simulation von Mehrphasenströmungen eingesetzt. Da sie auf einem phänomenologischen Ansatz basieren, ist ihr Einsatz mit einem hohen Modellierungsaufwand verbunden. Zudem entstehen an den Phasengrenzen sogenannte Scheingeschwindigkeiten, welche Genauigkeit und numerische Stabilität beeinträchtigen. Daher werden PP-Modelle in dieser Arbeit um drei neue Aspekte erweitert. Erstens wird gezeigt, dass bei der Modellierung unterschiedlicher Kontaktwinkel mit gängigen Methoden in Kombination mit verbesserten Kräfteschemata Scheintröpfchen entstehen. Diese werden durch einen neuartigen Ansatz eliminiert, der auf zusätzlichen Randbedingungen für alle Wechselwirkungskräfte basiert. Diese Technik verhindert nicht nur das Auftreten der Scheintröpfchen, sondern erhöht auch die Stabilität in wandgebundenen Strömungen. Zweitens wird ein neuartiges Verfahren zur Reduktion von Scheingeschwindigkeiten eingeführt. Dabei wird die Diskretisierung der Interaktionskräfte erweitert und die zusätzlichen, freien Koeffizienten in Simulationen statischer Tropfen numerisch optimiert. Die resultierende Diskretisierung wurde in Simulationen stationärer und dynamischer Testfälle validiert, wobei Scheingeschwindigkeiten deutlich reduziert werden konnten. Drittens und letztens wurden die Diffusionseigenschaften in Mehrstoffsystemen detailliert untersucht, wobei eine kritische Abhängigkeit zwischen den makroskopischen Diffusionskoeffizienten und dem Kräfteschema aufgezeigt wird. Diese Analyse bildet die Grundlage für den Vergleich und die zukünftige Entwicklung neuer Potentialfunktionen (für Mehrstoffsysteme) und reduziert den Modellierungsaufwand.
Renewable energies play an increasingly important role for energy production in Europe. Unlike coal or gas powerplants, solar energy production is highly variable in space and time. This is due to the strong variability of cloudsand their influence on the surface solar irradiance. Especially in regions with large contribution from photovoltaicpower production, the intermittent energy feed-in to the power grid can be a risk for grid stability. Therefore goodforecasts of temporal and spatial variability of surface irradiance are necessary to be able to properly regulate thepower supply.
Incoming solar radiation is an important driver of our climate and weather. Several studies (see for instance Frank et al. 2018) have revealed discrepancies between ground-based irradiance measurements and the predictions of regional weather models. In the realm of electricity generation, accurate forecasts of solar photovoltaic (PV)energy yield are becoming indispensable for cost-effective grid operation: in Germany there are 1.6 million PVsystems installed, with a nominal power of 46 GW (Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft 2019). The proliferation of PV systems provides a unique opportunity to characterise global irradiance with unprecedented spatiotemporalresolution, which in turn will allow for highly resolved PV power forecasts.
It is shown that the electrochemical kinetics of alkaline methanol oxidation can be reduced by setting certain fast reactions contained in it to a steady state. As a result, the underlying system of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) is transformed to a system of Differential-Algebraic Equations (DAE). We measure the precision characteristics of such transformation and discuss the consequences of the obtained model reduction.
The media is considered to be the fourth pillar in a democratic country. It acts as an effective control mechanism to check the other branches of the government. But this is only consequential when the media functions in an independent and transparent fashion with trained and neutral professionals who are aware of the accountability and consequences of their work. All these factors together would further the country as a democratic institution. Traditionally, it was legacy media responsible for a one-to-many communication process. Their goal was to provide information to the citizens. But this changed with development in technology and the use of social media in daily life. The internet brought with it new media formats which are easily accessible but also unstructured. These lowered barriers of entry in the media enabled citizens to become active participants in the communication process. As a result, these citizens developed a different relationship with the already existing media wherein they were not only the receivers to information but also co-producers. Real-time information allows users to communicate with each other and in turn widely generate public opinion on internet platforms. A many-to-many communication style emerged. While on the one hand, this type of discourse could be an opportunity for citizens to exercise their fundamental freedom of speech and expression, it is on the other hand, proving to have a detrimental effect in two parts: Lack of neutrality, polarized views and pre-existing misconceptions on the part of citizens as well as algorithms and formation of echo-chambers on the part of technology. Some questions arise in this scenario about the capability of citizen journalists, the duties they should adhere to along with the enjoyment of their rights and freedoms, the risks involved in an unchecked method of communication and the effect of citizen journalism in the democratic process.