360 Soziale Probleme und Sozialdienste; Verbände
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Over the past two decades many governments of low and middle income countries have started to introduce social protection measures or to extend the coverage and improve the functioning of public social protection systems. These reforms are a "global phenomenon" and can be observed in many African, Asian and Latin American countries. This paper focuses on international determinants for policy change within social protection by assessing the state of the art of both policy diffusion and policy transfer studies. Empirical studies of policy transfer and diffusion in the field of social protection are furthermore assessed in light of the theoretical background.
The Participation Act, introduced in the Netherlands in 2015, puts into practice the idea that every individual has to make a contribution in a participatory society. The Act includes aspects of income support, compulsory activities in return for benefits, and labour market reintegration. Drawing on 45 interviews, we provide insights into interactions between the individual financial and social situation, an individual’s position in society, and reintegration activities. The narratives show the fundamental need for individual freedom and societal meaning, recognition, and appreciation, as well as the complex circumstances in which social assistance recipients make decisions. Conflicts between those needs and the Act lead to the question of how personal and societal objectives can be reconciled.
This paper seeks to explore the framework within which the International Labour Office should promote a principled, practical approach to social security policy in the new millennium. Integration has to be built around a joint coherent policy vision and building such a policy vision requires debate. This paper is a product of a joint effort of members of the ILO Social Security Department and social security specialists working in the ILO field offices.
Der Öffentliche Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) übernimmt eine wichtige Funktion in Sachen Bevölkerungsgesundheit und wird häufig, neben ambulanter und stationärer Versorgung, als ‚dritte Säule‘ im deutschen Gesundheitswesen beschrieben. Diese sprachlich gleichwertige Positionierung spiegelt sich allerdings in der Realität nicht wider, im Vergleich ist seine Stellung eher schwach. In der Frage, welche Ursachen hierfür vorliegen, könnte eine Hypothese lauten, dass ein diffuses Aufgabenprofil einen negativen Einfluss auf seine Stellung ausübt. Um diesen möglichen Einfluss näher zu untersuchen, lautet die Forschungsfrage: „Wie lässt sich die Stellung des ÖGD innerhalb des deutschen Gesundheitswesens anhand seines Aufgabenprofils aus kontingenztheoretischer Perspektive erklären?“.
Zu deren Beantwortung wird zunächst die Ausgestaltung der aktuellen Aufgabenprofile erhoben und verglichen. Anschließend untersucht die Arbeit mit Hilfe der organisationssoziologischen Kontingenztheorie, welche situativen Einflussfaktoren sich möglicherweise auf Aufgabenprofil und damit auch die Stellung des ÖGD ausgewirkt haben. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass Veränderungen in den Aufgaben teilweise recht deutlich in Verbindung gebracht werden können mit Veränderungen der Organisationssituation, auch lässt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen Aufgabenprofil und Stellung vermuten. Soll dem ÖGD in Zukunft wieder eine stärkere Bedeutung zukommen, so ist es neben einer gewissen Vereinheitlichung der Aufgabenprofile von großer Bedeutung, ihm wieder exklusive Aufgaben zuzusprechen. Diese könnten insbesondere in den Bereichen Planung, Koordination und Steuerung, Datengewinnung und aufbereitung oder darin liegen, sich wieder verstärkt auf Bevölkerungsgruppen zu fokussieren, welche nicht durch andere Bereiche abgedeckt werden. Hierfür müssen die nötigen Ressourcen zur Verfügung stehen: Neben den bereits beschlossenen Unterstützungsleistungen gilt es insbesondere in Bezug auf die personelle Ausstattung, den ÖGD langfristig attraktiv zu gestalten. Dazu kann eine aufgewertete Stellung sowie eine verbesserte Situation in den einzelnen Behörden einen großen Teil beitragen.
Using a life-cycle approach, we identify key gaps for social reform in Georgia. The reduction of informal work is the most pressing of these, since formal employment is the backbone of any robust and reliable social insurance scheme. At the same time, greater financial resources are required through taxation in order to enable systematic social reform in Georgia. Both interventions are needed in order to fill the gaps in the current social protection system, which include the limited scope of pension and health insurance, as well as the lack of permanent unemployment insurance and universal child benefits.
Against the background of Germany’s long experience with social protection, we outline the main principles of the German welfare state and present the design of three main social insurance branches (pensions, health and unemployment). Based on the mixed experience that has emerged in Germany, in particular due to path dependencies and political deadlock, we derive lessons that inform a clear and coherent vision for social reform in Georgia.
This study intends to contribute to the discourse on social protection and crime. The study assessed social protection as a tool for crime prevention, with bias to Owerri municipal local government area of Imo state, Nigeria as a case study. The study employed a qualitative approach which allowed the researcher to explore experiences and perspectives of selected participants. Purposive sampling was considered appropriate for the defined population. In-depth interview and focus group discussion (FGD) served as data collection instruments. A review of available literature, reports, newspaper publications, reports, and various internet sources were exhaustively utilised to gather secondary data.
The study revealed that social protection possesses the potential to prevent crime. The study informed that certain intervention programmes established by the government helped in decreasing crime incidences in the area under study. In addition, the study revealed that social protection enhances wellbeing, empowers people, promotes better living conditions, imbues a sense of belonging and inclusiveness, promotes social stability and does not lead to dependency. However, the study revealed that social protection alone is incapable of eradicating crime.
This paper analyzes the complex effects and risks of social protection programmes in Ghana and Kenya on poor people’s human wellbeing, voice and empowerment and interactions with the social protection regulatory framework and policy instruments. For this purpose, it adopts a comprehensive Inclusive Development framework to systematically explore the complex effects of cash transfers and health insurance at the individual, household and community level. The findings highlight the positive provisionary and preventive effects of social protection, but also illustrate that the poorest are still excluded and that promotive effects, in the form of enhanced productivity, manifest themselves mainly for the people who are less resource poor. They can build more effectively upon an existing asset base, capabilities, power and social relations to counter the exclusionary mechanisms of the system, address inequity concerns and offset the transaction costs of accessing and benefitting from social protection. The inclusive development framework enables to lay these complex effects and interactions bear, and points to areas that require more longitudinal and mixed methodology research.
The paper contributes to the debate on the political economy of implementation of propoor social policy. It argues for a broadening of the debate, which is dominated by technocratic arguments, emphasizing the lack of financial resources, technology or skills as the major barriers for effective implementation. Describing the dynamic interplay of ‘formal’ operational programme structures and ‘informal’ traditional institutions in delivering the CT-OVC – the largest and oldest cash transfer programme in Kenya – it argues for the need to look more closely into the local political economy as an important mediating arena for implementing social policies. Implementation is heavily contingent upon the local social, political and institutional context that influences and shapes its outcomes. These processes are highly dynamic and ambivalent evolving between ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ structures and institutions. They may change over time and place, challenging the implicit assumption that programmes are evenly implemented across geographic and political entities.