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Social Insurance
(2018)
Extending coverage through contributory social insurance or other contributory programs is tempting for governments as a potential avenue for mobilizing new resources and creating new fiscal space. Such extension has clear limits, however: it applies only to those in the labor market who have employment status with high degree of formality and whose incomes are significantly above subsistence level and received regularly. It also requires administrative structures with capacity to regularly register incomes of those covered, and to collect contributions.
This chapter analyzes the potential of social insurance (also called contributory social protection) in the 16 Asian countries reviewed in this publication to fill the protection and coverage gaps in income security. It focuses on pensions, but also reviews other benefits temporarily replacing lost labor income due to events such as sickness, maternity, and unemployment. As current labor market structures largely determine the chances of extending coverage through these means, this chapter also examines their characteristics and analyzes coverage by the different forms of social insurance and assesses the potential for extension.
Persons with disabilities have much lower employment rates than the population as a whole and are at a significantly higher risk of living in poverty (OECD, 2011, pp. 50-56 and WHO, 2011, pp. 237-239). However, many of the barriers people with disabilities face, with regards to labor market reintegration, are in fact avoidable. There has for quite some time been evidence that differences in employment and wages, between disabled and non-disabled workers, can only to a limited extent be explained by differences in human capital endowments and productivity (Kidd, Sloane, & Ferko, 2000). Instead, factors such as the absence of access to education and training, and the lack of financial assistance provided are actually significant drivers of labor market exclusion (OECD, 2009, p.15; WHO, 2011, p.239).
Poland
(2018)
Poland belongs to the first wave of pension reformers in Central and Eastern Europe. The Polish pension reform of the late 1990s can serve as a case study for the challenges faced when implementing a radical paradigmatic pension reform towards a privatized DC scheme. This report analyses the background of the original reform, discusses its political, social and economic impact and explains the reasons for later reform reversals. The report stresses that the two re-reform waves, which took place in 2011 and 2013, were mainly driven by fiscal considerations. Since the current system maintains the DC scheme applied to both public and private tiers, the recent reversal of privatization will not improve benefit levels.