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This article deals with the under-researched phenomenon of rural health entrepreneurship and its major characteristics. The purpose of this study is to explicate the process of providing health services in rural areas of a developing country and their relation to SDGs. The paper is based on six semi-structured interviews conducted with Serbian health entrepreneurs in rural areas (two private practices, two policlinics, and two dental practices), a review of laws and strategies relevant to the field, and three sessions of discussions with eight experts (four authors and four additional experts). The research methodology follows an empirical, mixed-method case study research procedure. The results are presented in relation to the aspects of frugality, family orientation, and sustainability-oriented innovation. The timeline of the six case studies demonstrates the increasing importance of health entrepreneurs in rural areas due to the aging population and, therefore, increased needs for quality healthcare in these areas. The financing instruments have also become more formal and substantial in recent years, enabling the growth of healthcare businesses in rural areas. However, a major obstacle to further sustainable development remains the non-refundability of services before the state-owned, obligatory health fund, creating major social inequalities, especially in rural areas.
Interne Audits können mehr
(2024)
Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie das Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) Zufriedenheitsanalysen aus zwei Sichtweisen durchführt: Aus Sicht der Auditoren und aus Sicht der Managementbeauftragten der auditierten Institute und Einrichtungen. Die Ergebnisse fließen in die jährliche Auditprogrammplanung ein. Damit wird der Nutzen von internen Audits gesteigert.
This study addresses the underrepresentation of women and the so-far neglected process perspective in empirical entrepreneurial research. It aims to identify the personality traits that differentiate successful female entrepreneurs from their less successful peers and to determine which traits are crucial for pre-launch, launch, and post-launch success. Independent t-tests on 305 female entrepreneurs (and 476 male entrepreneurs) from the DACH region highlight the role of self-efficacy, proactivity, locus of control, and need for achievement for female entrepreneurs. Multiple regression analyses further reveal the importance of self-efficacy for every phase of women’s entrepreneurial journey. While the need for autonomy was critical during pre-launch and launch, locus of control significantly predicted female entrepreneurial success in the pre-launch and post-launch phases. Contrary to previous research, risk-taking was not a crucial trait for female entrepreneurs when compared to their male counterparts, while both showed similar levels of need for autonomy, proactivity, need for achievement, perseverance, self-control, and locus of control. The study offers valuable insights into successful entrepreneurship and highlights the need for female- and phase-specific support programs to enhance self-efficacy among female entrepreneurs.
Hochschulen und Gemeinden sind einem zunehmenden und permanenten Veränderungs- sowie Finanzierungsdruck ausgesetzt. Zudem haben Kommunen einen hohen Bedarf an Know-how, Kreativität, Innovationen, Personal sowie an Fachwissen in bestimmten Bereichen. Hochschulen auf der anderen Seite verfügen durch ihre WissenschaftlerInnen und Studierenden genau über diese Ressourcen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist im Rahmen des BMBF-finanzierten Projekts „Innovative Hochschule“ ein Transfer-Kooperationsprojekt („Kommunale Innovationspartnerschaften“) zwischen der Hochschule Bonn-Rhein- Sieg und der Kommune Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, ca. 30 km östlich der Bundesstadt Bonn gelegen, durchgeführt worden. Die im Rahmen dieses Reallabors gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurden im Format eines Toolkits zusammengefasst. Dies kann als Handlungsleitfaden auch für andere Hochschul-Kommune-Kooperationen verwendet werden. Eine Hochschul-Kommune-Kooperation stellt dabei eine projektbasierte Zusammenarbeit zwischen einer oder mehreren Hochschulen mit der politischen Vertretung einer oder mehrerer Kommunen sowie deren lokaler Wirtschaft und/oder Zivilgesellschaft dar.
„Ich kann jetzt nicht krank werden – ich muss arbeiten“. Diesen Satz hat wohl jeder schon einmal gehört oder sogar selbst gesagt. Dahinter steckt das Phänomen des Präsentismus. Präsentismus wird ganz allgemein bezeichnet als behaviour of working in the state of illhealth (Ruhle et al. 2020). Der Begriff entstand in Anlehnung an sein Gegenteil, den Absentismus, welcher das Fernbleiben von der Arbeit beschreibt (Hägerbäumer 2017). Die negativen langfristigen gesundheitlichen und arbeitsbezogenen Auswirkungen des Verhaltens, trotz Krankheit zu arbeiten, sind in der Literatur gut belegt (z.B. Gustafsson/Marklund 2011). Vor allem im Home-Office, welches während der Corona-Pandemie häufig genutzt wurde und nach der Corona-Pandemie in vielen Bereichen Normalität wurde, tritt Präsentismus aufgrund der geringeren Barrieren (z.B. keine Ansteckungsgefahr, kein Pendeln) noch verstärkter auf (Steidelmüller et al. 2020). Auch bei Studierenden, die im Rahmen von Online-Lehre öfter von zu Hause aus lernen, ist davon auszugehen, dass dies den Präsentismus begünstigt. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema ist also von großer Relevanz. Es fehlt eine strukturierte Zusammenstellung geeigneter Gegenmaßnahmen, die zur Reduzierung von Präsentismus angewendet werden können. Darüber hinaus wurde vor allem Präsentismus mit dem Schwerpunkt Hochschule und damit den Zielgruppen Hochschulmitarbeitende und Studierende bisher kaum untersucht. Diese Forschungslücke soll der vorliegende Beitrag schließen und Präsentismus an Hochschulen beschreiben sowie mithilfe eines Literaturreviews mögliche Maßnahmenbereiche aufzeigen.
The purpose of this study is to extend previous research on brand innovation by uncovering the process of family winery branding in relation to the new product launch in the VUCA market on the case of three Serbian wineries. The study deploys qualitative oriented and empirical approach in presenting a multi-case study. Three semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with owners and/or managers in these three wineries. The results demonstrate that all three family wineries are offering high-end product for the domestic market with smaller one still experimenting with strategic direction of innovating for high-end market while the two larger ones putting focus either on autochthonous grape varieties with eye-cathicng labels or authentic brand identity with strong storytelling. Another important aspect identified is the frugal nature of product launch in the family wineries due to limited resources. The paper presents is among only few studies on new product development in wine business literature.
Universities, Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development in Africa – Conference Proceedings 2022
(2023)
These proceedings are the outcome of the 10th annual joint conference on "Universities Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development in Africa".
These proceedings document the culmination of the 10th annual joint conference on "Universities, Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development in Africa," which was held on the 8th and 9th of September 2022 at the Campus Sankt Augustin, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences. The conference was a collaboration between the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, and Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
The access to electricity and water in rural areas in Côte d’Ivoire as well as in large parts of Africa is limited. According to Ivorian government sources, the national coverage rate of drinkable water and electricity was about 80% in 2020, whereas there are differences between rural and urban regions. The coverages are lower in rural areas that are situated far from the governmental infrastructures. The poor supply of electricity also hinders education, since petroleum lamps are often the only source of light for learning after sunset. Besides, increasing demand for electricity is predicted in Côte d’Ivoire due to economic growth. The economic power is also affected by the poor supply of electricity, so only a limited production of goods is possible. A further big concern in Côte d’Ivoire is the employability of graduate students, as the educational system has a strong theoretic character, not yet taking enough into account practice orientation. Scientific public universities in Côte d'Ivoire often offer only subjects such as mathematics, physics, or chemistry but hardly any engineering.
The paper investigates the nature of Kenya's entrepreneurship education ecosystem (EEE) through a comparative analysis of three entrepreneurship education programs and an examination of how the institutions foster a favourable entrepreneurial environment. This study looks at the entrepreneurship education ecosystem through the lens of universities, NGO's and private institutes in Kenya.
A systemic analysis of EEE is provided by utilizing the Actiotope Model as a conceptual framework. The exploratory research adopts a pragmatic mixed-method methodological approach best suited to understand the research problem.
The results reveal that entrepreneurship education at higher education institutions was primarily theoretical and relied on traditional forms of entrepreneurship education. Recurring rigid patterns show minimal personalization of content and learning styles within the University, with more personalization reported in the Mully Model of education and the more specialized entrepreneurship program of the Identity Projects.
The adaptation of the Actiotope Model provided a new and unique approach to analyzing entrepreneurship ecosystems. The person-centred approach of the model provides valuable insights to learners and to entrepreneurship education institutions and researchers.
Enhanced collaboration between the different entrepreneurial education stakeholders could be a more effective short to medium-term solution to addressing the gaps in entrepreneurial education at tertiary institutions.
In the long term, the study recommends adopting practical-based and goal-oriented entrepreneurship teaching models.
Social businesses have a great positive impact on communities and are a sustainable way to do business today and in the future. This impact can be amplified through the means of digitalization. In the past, traditional for-profit business models have been used to understand the structures of business operations. However, the underlying business model of digital social businesses has not yet been explored. This study presents a building block analysis of business models and a subsequent typology. Digital and social business models are identified via a literature review. The building block analysis encompasses an assessment of the individual business activities contained in the business models. The typology is developed from existing literature utilizing a matrix for the evaluation of digital social businesses. Additionally, five semi-structured expert interviews are conducted to inform, extend, or content the findings of this study. To this end, an inductive coding procedure is applied to the transcribed interviews for the detection of themes within the text. This study contributes to social business model research by providing a first insight into the unique building blocks of digital social business models. It also creates a typology tool based on two parameters, which enables the comparison of digital social businesses.
Mobile technologies have evolved into the means of gaining access to information for learning. Its application in higher education is still a novel concept, particularly in underdeveloped countries. This study is aimed at exploring the views of doctoral students regarding their learning experiences with mobile technologies. Student focus group interviews of 24 doctoral students from 3 different academic institutions were interviewed. The participants’ responses were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to make conclusions. According to the findings of this study, mobile devices play an important part in the learning experiences of doctoral students. The participating students engaged in collaborative learning using mobile technologies. Given the benefits of adopting mobile technologies for learning activities, academic institutions should focus on teaching faculty members to use this to involve students in their learning process. The implications of this study call for the continued advancement of mobile technologies to facilitate effective learning experience for the multitude of mobile learners in developing countries. Another implication is that academic institutions with collaboration with libraries should see the need to develop user friendly mobile app that is linked to the library management system. Such an application would allow the students to optimally use their smartphones and tablets to search the library’s resources from their mobile devices. Training should be offered to the teaching faculty members to come to terms with the benefits of mobile technologies for learning activities.
The differentiation of the higher education sector in Ethiopia has created a new sector of Higher Education Institutions: Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS). Its focus is on educating academically trained experts for regional industries. Close cooperation between industries and UAS is set as a key requirement. However, Ethiopian industries in many regions are not developed enough that those could be considered as active partners for UASs and able to accommodate interns or to provide expert teachers to UAS classes. European UAS structures serve as benchmarks for the Ethiopian Ministry of Education (MoE). Therefore, UAS curricula of study programmes in building-construction, electro-engineering and economic/business/tourism from different European countries build a common ground for Ethiopian UASs. But, due to the lack of industries in the regions, Ethiopian UAS are not able to mirror the European counterparts, where study programmes at bachelor level comprise 70 credits out or 210 credits as practical works, internships and bachelor thesis. - The question is, how can Ethiopian UASs in the absence of companies offer practice-oriented education in their study programmes? This paper refers to the ongoing research, on how to integrate UAS (academic and non-academic) departments at UAS campuses to create internship placements for students in the absence of internship placements in the private sector. Kotebe University of Education (KUE) - as one of the newly founded UAS in Ethiopia - has agreed to act as subject of this try-out.
Rapid and sustained innovation in developed markets triggers the generation of innovative start-ups, some with disruptive innovations. However, when their offering faces a saturated market with satisfactory and widely available established traditional solutions, many innovative start-ups from these markets may fail. The literature on some start-ups that successfully brought their innovation to emerging markets shows how using leapfrogging traditional solutions to innovative solutions can offer survival and growth opportunities to these start-ups. However, a wide exploitation of leapfrogging processes in emerging markets for survival or business growth of innovative start-ups from developed markets is not yet theorized. To contribute to closing this gap, we propose a conceptual framework to assess the readiness of an emerging market to leapfrog to innovative solutions.
The design of the conceptual framework uses a scenario-planning like approach with two key factors, namely Context Readiness and Value Network Integration. To test and refine the proposed framework and show its relevance for coming to an informed expansion decision making, we used PAR (Participatory Action Research). For the illustration of the application of the proposed conceptual framework, the case of telehealth in Morocco is used.
Tourism in Rwanda is challenging. Since the country is small and hilly, it is difficult to tap the potential. As the country is blessed with diverse nature, the Rwandan government decided to combine ecotourism with high-end tourism, to exploit the full potential. This study aims to assess the extent to which these two types of tourism fit together, as well as if sustainability is a decisive argument in this upscale segment. In this context, ecotourism is characterized by its 3 core criteria: education, nature and sustainability. To evaluate the main question: to what extent can ecotourism projects help to promote the perception of Rwanda as a high-end tourist destination on the German market? As well as if sustainability is a decisive argument, interviews with stakeholder from the Rwandan tourism industry as well as German tour operators were conducted, to gain an understanding of both sites and then evaluate them according to the 3 ecotourism core criteria and the demands of high-end tourists. The results showed that there is a difference in the perception of the needs of high-end tourists. While the 3 core criteria seem to be too relevant while they are in booking decision with the tour operator. The high-end lodges in Rwanda state an interest in these three criteria. It is evident from the results that there is a limited active demand for sustainable tourist products, while nature and education are more relevant, but not yet fully exploited. However, all interviewees indicated that ecotourism, and in particular sustainability, is experiencing an increase in demand and will continue to grow in importance in the future. Accordingly, the results suggest the driving markets approach is relevant to further drive demand in that segment.
As a developing economy, Rwanda has been exploring transitioning to being a technologically driven and sustainable economy. Moreover, research on economic growth have focused on the need to improve human capacity potential within increasing demands of climate change activists but there remains a theoretic and practical lacuna in including renewable energy resources in economic growth and expansion of electricity access. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of competent skill acquisition and graduate employment market on the interaction mix between economic growth and the expansion of energy access in Rwanda, particularly finding out the problems advancing the non-inclusiveness of engineering graduates, which result to high rate of unemployment and diversions, especially for the graduates specializing in energy fields. As a result, the following open questions were raised with variations 1; how did employees penetrate energy-sector labour market opportunity in Rwanda? 2; what influenced employee’s decision in pursuing a career in Rwanda’s labour market, 3; what were the specific employee competent skills that enabled smooth transition in energy-sector employment after graduation and the ones required to maintain their current positions? 4; what specific competent skills are required for inclusivity of today's engineering graduates in energy sector employment market? The study is qualitative and it uses the exploratory research design. It is based on the growth pole theory employing snowball/chain purposeful sampling technique, whereby key informants in Rwanda energy sector were located. Data was specifically collected from these primary sources through semi-structured interviews and documentary method. Interview data and text from documents were inductively analysed. The study generally recommended institution or program for connecting learning institutions, industry and employment market in the distributed and renewable energy resources to promote competent skills acquisition, competition and improve graduates’ inclusiveness in the expansion of electricity access, thereby leading to economic growth in Rwanda.
While 14 % of the world's working-age population currently lives in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), this figure will predictably be higher than the rest of the world combined by 2036. If this demographic group finds meaningful employment, Africa experiences an economic and social upswing. To tap this potential, the paper intends to answer the research question, "What are the prerequisites and how are they defined for the successful implementation of sustainable business model ideas in SSA?", by developing a top ten ranking consisting of previously identified sustainable business model ideas best suited for productive use. This achieves a novel approach to implementing future-oriented business models and contributes to current research on sustainable models. Since the geographical scope of SSA is pervasive, this paper focuses on Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, and Uganda. An extensive literature review on these countries was conducted to gain a broader understanding of the situation in SSA. Additionally, research was carried out on the agricultural, energy, and information and communications technology (ICT) sectors to identify the most promising ideas. To contribute to current knowledge, experts were interviewed, and panel discussions were analyzed. Furthermore, the Business Model Canvas (BMC) was combined with the circular economy concept, which served as a framework for the business model ideas. Experts evaluated these ideas, which were subsequently ranked using fuzzy logic with artificial intelligence, based on the system for exploring country risks (CRISK-Explorer). The paper shows that skipping individual development processes opens up promising opportunities, such as the ICT-based business model e-crowd logistics or the renewable energy-based model e-Boda-Boda. Seven prerequisites for the successful implementation of these ideas were identified and defined: value delivery, promising customers, sufficient capital, presence of key resources, possibility to perform the key activities, sustainability, and profitability. The paper concludes by identifying limitations and suggesting avenues for future research.
Channels of distribution are important factors in the connection between goods and services produced for the final consumer and, therefore, determine the effectiveness with which they are delivered and ultimately availed to the final consumers. Globally, studies show that channels of distribution and sales play an essential role in building bonds between manufacturers, retailers, wholesalers and their consumers. The main purpose of this study is to examine the influence of distribution channels and networks on customer choice of fast-moving consumer goods (FCMG) in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The study adopted a quantitative approach and questionnaires were used to collect primary data from 110 customers of Unilever Ghana Limited in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The findings reveal that product-related factors, such as the price of products, perishability of products, size and weight of products, promote the effective distribution of Unilever goods and services, whilst consumer-related factors, such as the number of customers and increased consumer base, promote effective distribution channels. The study also established a positive influence of factors, such as incentives, receiving feedback and sales performance, on customer choice of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). Managers and producers in the FMCGs industry should implement reward and incentive programmes and policies to boost the sale and distribution of fast-moving consumer goods and services in the retail industry in Ghana.
Entrepreneurship is labelled as the panacea for graduate unemployment in Ghana. In the training process, students are mandatorily required to read a course in entrepreneurship, so as to be able to start their own businesses in the face of job adversities caused by the inadequacy of job opportunities created by government and lack of government drive to diversify the economy for more jobs to be created. This study, therefore aimed at investigating the critical precursors of entrepreneurial intentions among higher education students in Ghana. Using the analytical cross-sectional survey design, 250 respondents were recruited from public universities using probability sampling techniques (stratified-disproportionate and simple random) to participate in the survey. Respondents were required to respond to three constructs (entrepreneurial scaffolding, psychological capital, and entrepreneurial intentions). The data analyses were performed using multivariate regression. The study findings showed that entrepreneurial scaffolding and psychological capital were significant predictors of entrepreneurial intentions. The researchers concluded that students' convictions in succeeding or otherwise and planning to engage in entrepreneurial behaviours depended on proper entrepreneurial guidance and a positive mind-set. Therefore, it was recommended that higher education institutions in Ghana strengthened and included practical guides to entrepreneurial training. This will encourage higher education students to consider entrepreneurship, hence, reducing graduate unemployment in Ghana.
The dawn of the 21st Century has witnessed a tremendous increase in trade pacts among nations, resulting in renewed hopes for sustainable enterprise development in emerging economies worldwide. Ghana and other sub- Saharan African (SSA) countries have signed onto several North-South and South-South free trade agreements with the hope of strengthening their presence in the international trade arena, and to promote economic growth in SSA. For over two decades, however, very little has changed, and many have dashed their high hopes as enterprises continue to struggle in SSA. Not even the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) could renew the hopes of sceptics. Several studies opined that enterprises in SSA could improve their domestic and international competitiveness by establishing mutually beneficial partnerships with their counterparts from the Global North and South. This study delved into the issues that affect North-South and South-South business collaborations and recommends key success factors that could help promote mutually beneficial cross-border business partnerships. The research includes both literature and empirical information on the key success factors of business partnerships between African enterprises as well as between African enterprises and firms from the Global North. We approached the study qualitatively using a phenomenological research design. Research participants included important stakeholders in Africa and Europe's international trade and sustainable enterprise development ecosystem. The study identified several challenges with the current business collaborations and recommended new ways of making such partnerships more beneficial.
Während sich die unternehmerische Arbeitswelt immer mehr in Richtung Agilität verschiebt, verharrt das IT-Controlling noch in alten, klassischen Strukturen. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Fragestellung, ob und inwieweit agile Ansätze im IT-Controlling eingesetzt werden können. Dieser Beitrag ist eine modifizierte Version des in der Zeitschrift „HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik“ (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1365/s40702-022-00837-0) erschienenen Artikels „Agiles IT-Controlling“.
Citizen participation is deemed to be crucial for sustainability and resilience planning. However, generational equity has been missing from recent academic discussions regarding sustainability and resilience. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reintroduce the topic of the existence or absence of an intergenerational consensus on the example of a rural community and its perceived brand image attributes and development priorities. The research is based on primary data collected through an online survey, with a sample size of N = 808 respondents in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, Germany. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test for the presence and/or absence of consensus among the five generations regarding brand image attributes and development priorities. The findings point to divergence between what the median values indicate as the most relevant brand image attributes and development priorities among the citizens and the areas where the Kruskal–Wallis test shows that an intergenerational consensus either does or does not exist. The results imply the need for new concepts and applied approaches to citizen participation for sustainability and resilience, where intergenerational dialogue and equity-building take center stage. In addition to the importance of the theory of citizen participation for sustainability and resilience, our results provide ample evidence for how sustainability and resilience planning documents could potentially benefit from deploying the concept of intergenerational equity. The present research provides sustainability and political science with new conceptual and methodological approaches for taking intergenerational equity into account in regional planning processes in rural and other areas.
The purpose of the study is to provide empirical evidence about the under-researched area of university–government relations in building a culture of entrepreneurial initiatives inside the triple helix model in a rural region. The study deploys a qualitative case study research method based on the content analysis of project documentation and further internal documents both from universities and municipalities. The propositions in the research question are guided by the previous literature and were then analyzed through an “open coding” process to iteratively analyze, verify, and validate the results from the documents against the previous literature. Results presented in the case study are related both to the project of a municipality–university innovation partnership, as well as the historic development of the university in its three missions, and, related to the important third mission, themes relevant for the project. In addition, a “toolkit” of relevant project activities is presented against the major identified themes, major project stakeholders, as well as relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Universities should look beyond a purely economic contribution and should augment all three missions (teaching, research, engagement) by considering social, environmental, and economic aspects of its activities. Instead of considering a government’s role solely as that of a regulator, a much more creative and purposeful cooperation between university and government is possible for creating a regional culture of entrepreneurial initiatives in a rural region.
The backdated research dedicated to digital entrepreneurship education is immense, which makes it difficult to create an overview. Conversely, forward-thinking bibliometric visualization mapping and clustering can assist in visualizing and structuring difficult research literature. Hence, the goal of this mapping visualization study is to thoroughly discover and create clusters of EE to convey a taxonomic structure that can oblige as a basis for upcoming research. The analyzed data, which is drawn from Google Scholar through Publish or Perish tool, contain 1000 documents published between 2007 and 2022. This taxonomy should generate stronger bonds with digital entrepreneurial education research; on the other, it should stand in international research association to boost both interdisciplinary digital entrepreneurial education and its influence on a universal basis. This work strengthens student’s understanding of current digital entrepreneurial education research by classifying and decontaminating the most powerful knowledgeable relationship among its contributions and contributors. The bibliographic analysis includes ‘citation network’, ‘author’s research area’ and ‘paper content’ regarding the desired topic. In this paper, the above three mentioned terms are integrated which produces a bibliographic model of authors, titles of their papers, keywords and abstract by using Harzing’s Publish or Perish tool for extracting data from Google Scholar and further using VOSViewer to visualize networking map of co-authorship and term co-occurrence to administer the data for an instinctive and appropriate understanding of university students concerning ‘digital entrepreneurial intention’ research. This paper uses bibliometric analysis to analyze the keyword co-occurrence and co-authorship and VOSViewer is used for visualization.
Purpose: Both Hungary and Germany belong to the old-world wine-producing countries and have long winemaking traditions. This paper aims at exploring and comparing online branding strategies of family SME (small and medium sized enterprises) wineries at Lake Balaton (Hungary) and Lake Constance (Germany), as two wine regions with similar geographic characteristics.
Design/methodology/approach: This paper, based on a total sample of 37 family wineries, 15 at Lake Balaton and 22 at Lake Constance, investigates the differences in brand identity on the website, brand image in social media and online communication channels deployed in both wine regions. The study applies a qualitative methodology using MaxQDA software for conducting content analysis of texts in websites and social media. Descriptive statistics and t-test were conducted to compare the usage of different communication channels and determine statistical significance.
Findings: At Lake Balaton, the vineyard, the winery and the family, while at Lake Constance, the lake itself and the grape are highlighted regarding family winery brand identity. The customer-based brand image of Hungarian family wineries emphasizes wine, food and service, with the predominant use of Facebook. In the German family wineries, the focus of brand identity is on wine, friendliness and taste and includes more extensive usage of websites.
Originality/value: The paper deploys a novel methodology, both in terms of tools used as well as geographic focus to uncover online branding patterns of family wineries, thereby providing implications for wine and tourism industries at lake regions. It compares the share of selected most-used words in the overall text in websites and in social media, and presents the key findings from this innovative approach.
Agiles IT-Controlling
(2022)
Während im IT-Projektmanagement agile Methoden seit vielen Jahren in der Praxis Zuspruch finden, werden im IT-Controlling überwiegend noch klassische Methoden eingesetzt. Der Beitrag untersucht die Fragestellung, ob und wie die im IT-Controlling eingesetzten Methoden auch agilen Paradigmen folgen und Methoden des agilen IT-Projektmanagements adaptiert werden können.
Background: Since presenteeism is related to numerous negative health and work-related effects, measures are required to reduce it. There are initial indications that how an organization deals with health has a decisive influence on employees’ presenteeism behavior.
Aims: The concept of health-promoting collaboration was developed on the basis of these indications. As an extension of healthy leadership it includes not only the leader but also co-workers. In modern forms of collaboration, leaders cannot be assigned sole responsibility for employees’ health, since the leader is often hardly visible (digital leadership) or there is no longer a clear leader (shared leadership). The study examines the concept of health-promoting collaboration in relation to presenteeism. Relationships between health-promoting collaboration, well-being and work ability are also in focus, regarding presenteeism as a mediator.
Methods: The data comprise the findings of a quantitative survey of 308 employees at a German university of applied sciences. Correlation and mediator analyses were conducted.
Results: The results show a significant negative relationship between health-promoting collaboration and presenteeism. Significant positive relationships were found between health-promoting collaboration and both well-being and work ability. Presenteeism was identified as a mediator of these relationships.
Conclusion: The relevance of health-promoting collaboration in reducing presenteeism was demonstrated and various starting points for practice were proposed. Future studies should investigate further this newly developed concept in relation to presenteeism.
Die Implementierung strategischer Erfolgsfaktoren rückt zunehmend in den Fokus kleiner und mittelständischer Unternehmen. Vor dem Hintergrund des überdurchschnittlichen Erfolgs sogenannter Hidden Champions (HC) stellt sich unter einer praxisorientierten Perspektive die Frage, welche Bedeutung mittelständische Unternehmen grundsätzlich den von Hermann Simon identifizierten Erfolgsprinzipien für HC für den Unternehmenserfolg zumessen. Die empirische Studie analysierte dazu die Bedeutung dieser Erfolgsfaktoren für mittelständische Unternehmen und untersuchte, ob Bedeutungsunterschiede zwischen erfolgreichen und weniger erfolgreichen Unternehmen der Stichprobe existieren. Im Rahmen einer explorativen, multivariaten Datenanalyse konnten außerdem zwei Cluster, die „Internationalen Innovatoren“ und die „Nationalen Traditionalisten“, im Datensatz identifiziert werden, die sich hinreichend in der Bedeutungszumessung der Erfolgsfaktoren voneinander unterschieden.
Open Innovation
(2021)
Der Begriff Open Innovation steht für die Öffnung von unternehmensinternen Innovationsprozessen für sogenannte „externe Quellen“. Zu diesen externen Quellen zählen beispielsweise Lieferanten, Partner, Experten aus Forschungseinrichtungen und insbeson-dere auch Kunden. Diese werden gezielt in die Innovationsentwicklung integriert, sei es als Informations- und Ideenquelle bzw. als Impulsgeber für die Innovationsentwicklung. Daneben existieren auch tiefere Integrationsmöglichkeiten, die eine direkte Partizipation an der Innovationsentwicklung ermöglichen.
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht als Erste simultan die Auswirkungen des dreidimensionalen Konstrukts der prozeduralen, distributiven und kommunikativen Lohntransparenz auf Arbeitnehmer, auch unter Berücksichtigung von persönlichen Einstellungen und dem tatsächlichen Gehalt anhand einer deutschen Stichprobe (N = 159). Hierfür wurden Angestellte in einer querschnittlichen Online-Fragebogenstudie zu der wahrgenommenen Lohntransparenz in ihrer Organisation sowie zu weiteren arbeitnehmer- und organisationsrelevanten Variablen befragt. Mittels regressionsanalytischer Untersuchungen konnten hypothesenkonform positive Zusammenhänge der Lohntransparenz mit der Lohnzufriedenheit, der Wahrnehmung prozeduraler und distributiver Gerechtigkeit sowie mit dem Empfinden organisationalen Vertrauens nachgewiesen werden. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die Zusammenhänge war allerdings lediglich die prozedurale Lohntransparenz als eine der drei Dimensionen. Weiterhin ergaben Moderatoranalysen, dass ein geringes Bedürfnis nach informationeller Privatheit sowie ein geringes Bruttoentgelt die positiven Zusammenhänge der Lohntransparenz mit den Kriteriumsvariablen partiell verstärken. Abschließend werden Implikationen der Befunde für die Forschung und Praxis vor dem Hintergrund der Einschränkungen, denen diese Studie unterliegt, erläutert.
Many workers experience their jobs as effortful or even stressful, which can result in strain. Although recovery from work would be an adaptive strategy to prevent the adverse effects of work-related strain, many workers face problems finding enough time to rest and to mentally disconnect from work during nonwork time. What goes on in workers’ minds after a stressful workday? What is it about their jobs that makes them think about their work? This special issue aims to bridge the gap between research on recovery processes mainly examined in Occupational Health Psychology, and research on work stress and working hours, often investigated in the field of Human Resource Management. We first summarize conceptual and theoretical streams from both fields of research. In the following, we discuss the contributions of the five special issue papers and conclude with key messages and directions for further research.
In Deutschland im Allgemeinen sowie in der Region Bonn-Rhein-Sieg im Konkreten ist ein Startup-Trend sichtbar, der sich insbesondere auf den digitalen Bereich erstreckt. Dies äußert sich z.B. durch die Realisierung verschiedener Digital Hubs, unter anderem auch dem Digital Hub Bonn, sowie diversen Netzwerken und Communities, die sich mit dem Thema Unternehmensgründung befassen.
Die Studierenden der Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg (H-BRS) stellen dabei potenzielle Unternehmensgründer dar. Das Centrum für Entrepreneurship, Innovation und Mittelstand (CENTIM) hat als Hochschulinstitut zur Aufgabe unter anderem den Bereich Entrepreneurship zu vertreten. Um die Studierenden in ihren Gründungsaktivitäten besser unterstützen zu können, soll ein Überblick über das Gründungsverhalten sowie das Gründungsinteresse der Studierenden erstellt werden. Dabei sollen ebenfalls mögliche Optimierungsfelder der Lehr- und Beratungsangebote identifiziert werden.
Despite the increasing interest in single family offices (SFOs) as an investment owned by an entrepreneurial family, research on SFOs is still in its infancy. In particular, little is known about the capital structures of SFOs or the roots of SFO heterogeneity regarding financial decisions. By drawing on a hand-collected sample of 104 SFOs and private equity (PE) firms, we compare the financing choices of these two investor types in the context of direct entrepreneurial investments (DEIs). Our data thereby provide empirical evidence that SFOs are less likely to raise debt than PE firms, suggesting that SFOs follow pecking-order theory. Regarding the heterogeneity of the financial decisions of SFOs, our data indicate that the relationship between SFOs and debt financing is reinforced by the idiosyncrasies of entrepreneurial families, such as higher levels of owner management and a higher firm age. Surprisingly, our data do not support a moderating effect for the emphasis placed on socioemotional wealth (SEW).
In der heutigen Zeit nimmt die Bedeutung schlanker und effektiver Prozesse in Unternehmen vor dem Hintergrund des Wettbewerbs sowie Kostendrucks stetig zu. Um dieser Herausforderung entgegenzuwirken, fokussieren sich Unternehmen auf die Identifikation neuer innovativer Potenziale. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass monotone und regelbasierte Prozesse durch Softwareroboter automatisiert werden können, ist das Interesse an Robotic Process Automation (RPA) in den letzten Jahren stetig gestiegen. Bevor sich Unternehmen allerdings für oder gegen den Einsatz von RPA entscheiden, ist es zunächst notwendig, dass die Entscheidungsträger ein Verständnis von RPA erlangen sowie die entsprechenden Einsatzpotenziale und Risiken einschätzen können. Dieser Artikel trägt diesem Bedürfnis Rechnung, indem es diese auf Basis einer Literaturrecherche ermittelt und bewertet. Im Ausblick wird das zukünftige Potenzial von RPA eingeschätzt.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in psychological need satisfaction and its role in promoting optimal functioning. The DRAMMA model integrates existing need and recovery models to explain why leisure is connected to optimal functioning (i.e., high well-being and low ill-being). It encompasses six psychological needs: detachment, relaxation, autonomy, mastery, meaning, and affiliation (DRAMMA). While the individual needs of the DRAMMA model have been previously shown to relate to different aspects of optimal functioning, a longitudinal study examining the entire model has not been conducted before. In this longitudinal field study covering leisure and work episodes, we tested the within-person reliability and (construct and criterion) validity of the operationalization of the DRAMMA model in a sample of 279 German employees. Participants filled out measures of DRAMMA need satisfaction and optimal functioning at five measurement times before, during, and after vacation periods in 2016 and 2017. The six-factor model showed good fit to the data. In the multilevel models, relaxation, detachment, autonomy, and mastery had the most consistent within-person effects on optimal functioning, while the relationships between optimal functioning, meaning, and affiliation were considerably weaker. In conclusion, DRAMMA need satisfaction can aid and nurture employees’ optimal functioning.
Start-ups stehen im Wettbewerb um qualifizierte Mitarbeiter in starker Konkurrenz zu etablierten Unternehmen und Konzernen. Der Bedarf an Fachkräften (etwa Software-Entwicklern) ist größer als je zuvor [1]. Wie stellen sich Start-ups als Arbeitgeber dar, um Personal für sich zu gewinnen? Dieser Frage wurde im Rahmen der Studie „Start-ups als Arbeitgeber“ nachgegangen.
Die Bilder aus dem Silicon Valley sind bekannt: Das Großraumbüro mit den Sitzecken zum Zurückziehen. Schaukeln, Kickern und Videospiele zum Relaxen in den Arbeitspausen. Überall gibt es etwas zu essen und zu trinken, und das natürlich gratis. – Diese Vorstellungen haben viele im Kopf. Finden sich diese Bilder in der Selbstdarstellung deutscher Start-ups als Arbeitgeber wieder?
Die hier vorgestellte Studie will keine allgemeingültigen Ergebnisse liefern, sondern ist explorativ angelegt und soll zur weiteren Beschäftigung mit diesem Forschungsfeld in Wissenschaft und Praxis anregen.
Destination Development for Entrepreneurial Tourism in Lake Bosomtwe and Kintampo falls (Ghana)
(2019)
The tourism industry is one of the world’s largest industries (direct, indirect and induced Africa has the potential with its cultural and natural resources to outpace other regions in attracting valuable tourism dollars. The main aim of the study is to improve visitor experience on the two tourist sites. To do this it is necessary to explore the elements and success factors of Tourism Destination Development and using these as a checklist to identify the strength and weaknesses of the selected Tourist Destinations in Ghana West Africa. The rationale behind the study is to outline the crucial Destination Management (DM) criteria of all aspect that contribute to boost ultimate visitor experience, articulating the roles of the different stakeholders and identifying clear actions for effective Tourism Development in Ghana. The interview technique was employed to collect data from staff and management of the selected destinations. Data was analyzed for themes related to elements, success factors and challenges of destination development and new ideas for development was also solicited. It was revealed that some of the elements that feature for tourists’ attraction are good hotels, high hygiene and sanitation standards, good food and activities of amusements. Competency gaps identified suggest collaboration with academia to secure a high level of knowledge through research in this present world of dynamism. Some of the critical success factors found are: systematic provision of cultural events, advance knowledge of agents and tour operators and quality leisure and recreation. It is recommended that product and service development should be a joint idea of all stakeholders. The research team therefore, have plans underway to proceed on the second phase of the project: that is to gather resources together to make lake Bosomtwe and Kintampo falls sites attractive to tourists.
Kenya, like all other developing countries in the world, is faced with the task of working strategically towards the achievement of the Sustained Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. These goals whose due date of accomplishment coincides with those of the national development blueprint, namely, the Kenya Vision 2030, have become a major focus of attention in the country. Conferences, workshops, and seminars are organized throughout the country on regular bases by joint multiplicity of organizations to address modalities of ensuring a timely achievement of SDGs in the country. Universities either individually or jointly are working towards this same target. More specifically, there are great areas of concern or priority areas that the country is focusing on as a strategic focus towards the achievement of the Kenya Vision 2030 and SDGs 2030. These strategic areas of focus have been isolated and declared by the President of the Republic of Kenya, His Excellency Uhuru Kenyatta, as the country’s “big four priority areas”, namely, affordable housing, affordable health care, food security, and manufacturing as a grandiose effort towards achievement of the SDGs, Kenya Vision 2030 as well as job and wealth creation. Similarly, Mount Kenya University’s top management established the Graduate Enterprise Academy (GEA) in 2013 under the direct Patronage of the university’s Founder with the primary aim of assisting graduates to be job and wealth creators rather than being job seekers. So far, over twenty start-ups are running throughout the country under Graduate Enterprise Academy (GEA). Incidentally, although the Graduate Enterprise Academy’s diverse areas of focus extend beyond the President of Kenya’s “Big Four” to include ICT and creative arts, among others, there are justifiable cases to indicate that GEA’s activities are also in support of the national “Big Four” agenda. This paper gives an exposition of different start-ups under MKU’s Graduate Enterprise Academy and are show-cased as evidence of MKU’s support towards the achievement of the national “Big Four” agenda. The paper covers a part of an ongoing program through desk-top analyses of reports, with an objective of show-casing MKU’s contribution to the national agenda through the Graduate Enterprise Academy for possible scale - up.
This study sought to examine the relationship between the components of SMEs social capital and firm performance. Using the social capital theory and the resource-based view as the theoretical foundations and census, 1,532 SMEs were selected in the Accra Metropolis for the study. Empirical results from 717 SMEs, utilising the hierarchical linear regression model, revealed that owner/manger’s network relationships are beneficial to the firm depending on when the relationships are closed or opened. Moreover, the study found that social capital has a significant impact on the sales and market performance of small and medium-sized enterprises. The results also brought to the fore the fact that most social networks of SME entrepreneurs are family, friends and relatives, which most times can only be used for expressive purposes and not for instrumental gain. The practical implications of the results are also discussed.
The aim of the descriptive study is to gain an understanding of the perceived level of fairness in their experience of security screening relation to their satisfaction. The context of the study was a major aviation hub in East Africa. The target population was all departing international passengers. Primary data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The respondents were selected using convenience sampling of passengers who had just completed the final security check at the departure area of the airport. A total of 251 usable responses were collected from a target of 384 respondents giving a response rate of 65 percent.
The findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the relationship between the perceptions of fairness of security procedures and their influence on satisfaction. One way between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to test for statistical significance. A Cronbach’s alpha of 88.7 was computed demonstrating a high level of internal consistency of the survey instrument. The adequacy of security procedures, level of communication provided before and during the screening process, consistency and fairness were found to have a significant relationship to the level of satisfaction reported by passengers. The findings suggest that there are significant differences between groups’ perception of different elements security procedures.
The implications of the study are twofold. The study was cross sectional and indeed was impacted by significant changes in security procedures at the airport at the time of the study. A longitudinal survey may further mitigate the impact of the variances of responses and support a robust contribution to the development of a theoretical model of airport passenger satisfaction. Airport managers could use the results of this study as inputs to enhance the design of screening procedures in modern hubs to enhance the passenger experience to drive revenue growth.
While universities are mandated to teach, research and do community outreach, studies reveal that typical university communities live in relative isolation where research is more basic than applied. This study focused on; 1) determining how WWE could be fostered through linkages between universities and external agencies (communities, public and private sectors); 2) establishing how universities’ resources could be optimized to promote research and capacity building for WWE. The dimensions of WWE studied were; 1) Technical & Business Models; 2) Capacity building; and 3) institutional frameworks. Baseline studies were conducted in which qualitative and quantitative data was collected through questionnaires, interviews, documents analysis. Experimentations were carried out whereby Laboratory tests on Bio-methane Potential (BMP) for different biomass types was conducted. A complete chain of briquettes production and consumption has been successfully piloted at St Kizito High School in Namugongo, near Kampala. The 20,000 kg of briquettes produced (from municipal bio-waste) by students monthly are used to cook in three schools whose total population is 2000 students. With an average net profit of $ 3000, the project makes business sense even in absence of social-benefit accounting. Based on start-up capital of $ 12,250, the payback period on investment is 14.7 months. Bio-char (from carbonized waste) and briquette-ash are used as organic fertilizers and biocide in vegetable gardens at the schools. New pathways for municipal waste management based on stakeholder engagement and entrepreneurship are demonstrated; departing from the conventional waste collection and disposal models. This circular enterprise which enhances Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land-use and Energy (FABLE) nexus will scale-up to incorporate non-student communities (youths/women), private waste-collectors and entrepreneurs. The application of entrepreneurial models for engaging students in green enterprises integrates technological, social, economic and governance dimensions for promoting municipal sanitation, environment; energy and food security.
Pan-African University (PAU) is an initiative of the African Union Commission (AUC) that started in 2008 with the objective to promote higher education, science and technology on the African continent at a high academic level. The Pan-African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (including Climate Change) (PAUWES) is one of the five hubs of the Pan African University (PAU) and hosted at the University of Tlemcen in Algeria. PAUWES offers graduate students access to leading academic research and the latest theoretical and hands-on training in areas vital to the future of Africa’s development in water, energy and the challenge of climate change.
Innovation has been touted to be the central catalyst of entrepreneurship. This view has dominated research in start-ups as well as small and medium enterprises. Therefore, the relationship between innovation and firm performance has been a subject of interest to many researchers and policy makers. Through a longitudinal approach, this study investigated the influence of product innovation on the performance of Haco Tiger Brands, a medium sized fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company in Kenya’s East Africa market. The study looked at the product innovation activities within the company for a period of 7 years for a total of 35 products across the five major brand categories of the company. Using a secondary data capture form, data on sales revenues for both the company and innovated products for the past 7 years was obtained. Data on the innovated products launch time and type of innovation was also obtained. Using time series and linear regression analysis, the results indicate that the total company sales revenues less innovation grew at a slower rate of 50% as compared to growth when product innovation sales revenues were included in the total company sales revenues accounting for a faster sales growth rate of 76%. The influence of product innovation on performance was statistically significant (p<0.05) accounting for 92.19% variation in performance. These findings provide irrefutable empirical basis that product innovations have significant revenue growth rates, hence the need for managers of medium sized companies to invest in research and development to sustain product innovation and spur growth. The results sit well within theory and other empirical studies with additional contribution to methodology. Based on the study limitations, further areas for research have been suggested.
Namibia’s hunting industry is increasingly threatened by animal rightists and opponent groups whose adversarial mindset is mostly based on emotion orientated information. The fatal consequences if closing hunting tourism in a country like Namibia are expounded in this study by critically investigating the input of well-regulated hunting tourism towards conservation in Namibia. Different factors have to be taken into consideration, regarding the country’s attributes that differ significantly from other countries and their methods to achieve successful conservation management strategies. By conducting an in-depth interview with Mr. Volker Grellmann and by obtaining secondary data from local authorities and organizations, the current research investigates how well-regulated hunting tourism in Namibia is an important part of biodiversity conservation. The results outline that hunting tourism is crucial for the value of wildlife and yields for wildlife to have a greater benefit than livestock and crop farming in Namibia. Likewise, the country takes care of their valuable natural recourse. As a result, natural habitats are induced, and subsequently a steeply growing number of wildlife was recorded over the last 50 years in Namibia. Among others hunting tourism favors the development of rural areas and yields incentives to fight poaching and the illegal trade of wild animal products.
This paper stresses the importance of entrepreneurship education towards enhancing sustainable development in Kenya. The problems facing the country ranging from high rate of poverty, youth and graduate unemployment; overdependence on foreign goods and technology.
This paper therefore argues that entrepreneurship education will equip the students with the skills with which to not only be self-reliant, but to become wealth creators. The intervention level of entrepreneurship education has been at tertiary institutions and universities. This paper argues that attitudes and values are acquired at formative stage in life. Based on literature review of the models that have been used and yielded positive results, this paper proposes an innovative approach to the teaching of entrepreneurship education that is inclusive of pre-school, primary, secondary, tertiary and university levels. This paper explores the “Mully Model of Applied Entrepreneurship Teaching” as a case study, using interviews, surveys and reviewing relevant MCF data. The organization’s success factors within the Kenyan context are discussed.
The paper also recommended that educational programs at all levels of education should be made relevant to provide the youth the needed entrepreneurial skills. Further, it recommends that experiential learning methodologies be emphasized in the delivery of entrepreneurship education.
The link between universities and the industry has been of concern both locally as well as globally for a long time, for the obvious reason that it is perceived to enhance organizational performance. The gap between universities and the industry has been widening in developing countries leading to lost opportunities for joint research, product development and job creation. Marketing and entrepreneurship could play a pivotal role in reversing the weakened linkages by building mutual relationship and strengthening bonds between universities and industry. This study sought to examine the role of marketing and entrepreneurship as important tools for enhancing the university industry linkages. The study sought to determine the aspects of marketing and entrepreneurship that have the highest influence on enhancing the university industry linkages. It considered the nexus of entrepreneurship and marketing exemplified by the attributes of innovativeness, creativity, risk taking; proactive orientation and value creation as crucial for creating, nurturing and developing sustained linkages between universities and industry. The study targeted 150 small and medium sized enterprises in Nairobi City County, out of which 143 responded, giving a response rate of 95 %. Data was collected using structured questionnaire administered to managers of small and medium sized enterprises engaged in manufacturing, retail, banking and hospitals. Survey data collected from small and medium enterprises will be analyzed through descriptive statistics including mean scores and standard deviation. We will test our hypothesis through regression analysis. The study found that marketing practices especially those focused on the product, promotion and distribution were key in enhancing University industry linkage. With regards to entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking, and creativity indicators were found to be more important than innovation in enhancing university-industry linkages.
This research was conducted to determine the relationship between entrepreneurship educations, venture intention on venture creation among entrepreneurial graduate in Kenya focusing on selected universities in Kenya. The study was grounded on the economic entrepreneurship theory, an attitude-based view on entrepreneurship education and resource-based theory. This research embraced a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. Study population was 2500 student taking entrepreneurship course in various universities of whom a sample of 345 students was chosen using purposive and simple random sampling technique. The study used both primary and secondary data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 21) was used to analyse quantitative date. The findings of the study revealed that entrepreneurial education had a noteworthy influence on venture creation (r= 0. 512, p = .001<0.05, t= 10.904) increase in entrepreneurial education would lead to significant increase in venture creation. The study revealed that entrepreneurial training has significance influence in venture creation among graduate as indicated by β1=-0.670, p=0.002<0.05, t= 10.304. Study established that increase in entrepreneurial orientation would lead to increase in venture creation among graduates by a factor of 0.519 with P value of 0.002 (r =0.519, P=0.03< 0.05). The research conclusion was that entrepreneurial knowledge acquisition, entrepreneurial training and entrepreneurial orientation combined have important and positive relationship with venture creation among the graduates.
Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are widely recognised as playing a pivotal role in economic development and job creation. This is particularly so in Africa, where SMMEs are responsible for 80% of all formal jobs. While this is recognised by various African continental and national developments plans, the nefarious practice of late payment, by especially governments, not only stunt the growth of SMMEs, but often-time leads to business failure. This article investigates the impact of late payment, with a specific focus on South Africa and touches on international good practice that may be employed to address this phenomenon.
For years, the common logic that underpinned entrepreneurship was to find a niche within in a market/sector and then solidify business practice to achieve success in the market segment. The dawn of technologically-based disruptive enterprises, such as Uber and Air B&B, coupled with the nearing Fourth Industrial revolution seriously call into question the conventional business logic. In this article, the projected impact of these forces on African entrepreneurs is explored. We look at the role of government, business and education systems to prepare for the impact of the Fourth Industrial revolution. Specific focus is placed on the need for entrepreneurial skills and training to prepare for the impact of the Fourth Industrial revolution. We also explore the importance of innovation, both in terms of products and processes to mitigate against the impact of these forces.