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Increased endothelin-1 decreases PKC alpha (PKCα), resulting in high miRNA 15a levels in kidney tumors. Breast cancer cells treated with ET-1, β-estrogen, Tamoxifen, Tamoxifen + β-estrogen and Tamoxifen + ET-1 were analysed regarding miRNA 15a expression. Significantly increased miRNA 15a levels were found after ET-1, becoming further increased in Tamoxifen + ET-1 treated cells. Our group already showed that miRNA 15a induces MAPK p38 splicing resulting in a truncated product called Mxi-2, whose function has yet to be defined in tumors. We described for the first time in ET-1 induced tumor cells that Mxi-2 builds a complex with Ago2, a miRNA binding protein, which is important for the localization of miRNAs to the 3′UTR of target genes. Furthermore, we show that Mxi-2/Ago2 is important for the interaction with the miRNA 1285 which binds to the 3′end of the tumor suppressor gene p53, being responsible for the downregulation of p53. Tissue arrays from breast cancer patients were performed, analysing Mxi-2, p53 and PKCα. Since the Mxi-2 levels increase in Tamoxifen + ET-1 treated cells, we claim that increasing ET-1 levels in Tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients are responsible for decreasing p53 levels. In summary, ET-1 decreases nuclear PKCα levels, while increasing the amount of miRNA 15a. This causes high levels of Mxi-2, necessary for complex formation with Ago2. The newly identified Mxi-2/Ago2 complex interacting with miRNA 1285 leads to increased 3′UTR p53 interaction, resulting in decreased p53 levels and subsequent tumor progression. This newly identified mechanism is a possible explanation for the development of ET-1 induced tumors.
This paper examines how students learn to collaborate in English by participating in an intercultural project that focuses on teaching students to work together on a digital writing project using various online tools, and participated in this digital collaboration project. Mixed groups of students, two French and two German, used several synchronous and asynchronous tools to communicate with their counterparts (Facebook, WordPress blog, WIMS e-learning platform, email, videoconferencing). Students had to produce an article together, comparing French and German attitudes about a topic they negotiated freely in their groups. Before publishing their post, students were expected to peer-review the article written by their group. Once published, the stage consisted of voting for the best posts on the e-learning platform, WIMS. A videoconference was also organized to create cohesion between the participants. The result of the student evaluations, together with the administrative, technical vastly differing university setups is presented.
The BRICS component model: a model-based development paradigm for complex robotics software systems
(2013)
Internet-Ökonomie
(2013)
Angewandte Makroökonomie
(2013)
Makroökonomische Ereignisse wie die Schuldenkrise, Rezession, Arbeitslosigkeit und Inflation haben nicht nur gesamtwirtschaftliche Konsequenzen, sondern auch vielfältige Berührungspunkte zum täglichen Leben. Diese Ereignisse sind häufig komplex und für den Einzelnen nicht immer leicht zu durchschauen. Um Studierende auf die globalen Herausforderungen von Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt vorzubereiten ist in diesem Lehrbuch explizit auch das Thema der nachhaltigen Entwicklung integriert. Außerdem werden die großen Themen der Makroökonomie teilweise gebündelt behandelt, um die vielfältigen Zusammenhänge zwischen den einzelnen Gebieten transparenter zu gestalten. Dies hat für Studierende und Lehrende u.a. den Vorteil, dass eine modulare Verwendung möglich ist.
Reactive oxygen species and the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of isoconazole nitrate
(2013)
Controlling
(2013)
Eine zielorientierte Steuerung und die Erhöhung der Transparenz gehören zu den zentralen Aufgaben des Management in Unternehmen und in nichtkommerziellen Organisationen. Vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Umweltdynamik und einer hohen Komplexität, in denen Organisationen heute agieren, gewinnt ein modernes und zielorientiertes Controlling zur Erfüllung der anspruchsvollen Steuerungsaufgaben zunehmend an Bedeutung.
Earth’s nearest candidate supermassive black hole lies at the centre of the Milky Way1. Its electromagnetic emission is thought to be powered by radiatively inefficient accretion of gas from its environment2, which is a standard mode of energy supply for most galactic nuclei. X-ray measurements have already resolved a tenuous hot gas component from which the black hole can be fed3. The magnetization of the gas, however, which is a crucial parameter determining the structure of the accretion flow, remains unknown. Strong magnetic fields can influence the dynamics of accretion, remove angular momentum from the infalling gas4, expel matter through relativistic jets5 and lead to synchrotron emission such as that previously observed6, 7, 8. Here we report multi-frequency radio measurements of a newly discovered pulsar close to the Galactic Centre9, 10, 11, 12 and show that the pulsar’s unusually large Faraday rotation (the rotation of the plane of polarization of the emission in the presence of an external magnetic field) indicates that there is a dynamically important magnetic field near the black hole. If this field is accreted down to the event horizon it provides enough magnetic flux to explain the observed emission—from radio to X-ray wavelengths—from the black hole.
Radio pulsars in relativistic binary systems are unique tools to study the curved space-time around massive compact objects. The discovery of a pulsar closely orbiting the super-massive black hole at the centre of our Galaxy, Sgr A⋆, would provide a superb test-bed for gravitational physics. To date, the absence of any radio pulsar discoveries within a few arc minutes of Sgr A⋆ has been explained by one principal factor: extreme scattering of radio waves caused by inhomogeneities in the ionized component of the interstellar medium in the central 100 pc around Sgr A⋆. Scattering, which causes temporal broadening of pulses, can only be mitigated by observing at higher frequencies. Here we describe recent searches of the Galactic centre region performed at a frequency of 18.95 GHz with the Effelsberg radio telescope.
Produktionswirtschaft
(2013)
We derive rates of convergence for limit theorems that reveal the intricate structure of the phase transitions in a mean-field version of the Blume-Emery-Griffith model. The theorems consist of scaling limits for the total spin. The model depends on the inverse temperature β and the interaction strength K. The rates of convergence results are obtained as (β,K) converges along appropriate sequences (βn,Kn) to points belonging to various subsets of the phase diagram which include a curve of second-order points and a tricritical point. We apply Stein's method for normal and non-normal approximation avoiding the use of transforms and supplying bounds, such as those of Berry-Esseen quality, on approximation error. We observe an additional phase transition phenomenon in the sense that depending on how fast Kn and βn are converging to points in various subsets of the phase diagram, different rates of convergences to one and the same limiting distribution occur.