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INTRODUCTION: The cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) data on mid- to long-term myocardial damage due to COVID-19 infections in elite athletes are scarce. Therefore, this study investigated the mid -to long-term consequences of myocardial involvement after a COVID-19 infection in elite athletes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 27 athletes at the German Olympic Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)/Rhineland with a confirmed previous COVID-19 infection between January 2020 and October 2021. The athletes were part of an ongoing observational COVID-19 study at the Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine Cologne at the German Sport University (DSHS).Nine healthy non-athletes with no prior COVID-19 illness served as controls. CMR was performed within a mean of 182 days (standard deviation [SD] 99) of the initial positive test result.
RESULTS: CMR did not reveal any signs of acute myocarditis (according to the current Lake Louise criteria) or myocardial damage in any of the 26 elite athletes with previous COVID-19 infection. Of these athletes, 92% experienced a symptomatic course, and 54% reported symptoms lasting for more than 4 weeks. One male athlete was excluded from the analysis because CMR revealed an arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Athletes had significantly enlarged left and right ventricle volumes and increased left ventricular myocardial mass in comparison to the healthy control group (LVEDVi 103.4 vs 91.1 ml/m2, p = 0.031; RVEDVi 104.1 vs 86.6 ml/m2, p = 0.007; LVMi 59.0 vs 46.2 g/m2, p = 0.002). Only two cases of elevated high-sensitivity-Troponin were documented; in one, the participant had previously engaged in high-intensity training, and in the other, CMR revealed a diagnosis of an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the risk for mid- to long-term myocardial damage is very low to negligible in elite athletes. Our results do not allow conclusions to be drawn regarding myocardial injury in the acute phase of infection nor about possible long-term myocardial effects in the general population.
Introduction: The paper analyses – basing itself on reports and other documents created by different parts of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) – the process which led to the adoption of Social Protection Floor Recommendation No. 202 and the shift in focus of social policy advice towards basic protection and to the Global South countries. We look at the actions of different actors which shape the standard setting and policy stand of the organisation. Objective: To provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical trajectory of ILO social security standards, examining the evolution of principles, conventions, and the global dynamics that have shaped the organization's approach to social protection over time. Materials and methods: The methods include examining ILO documents, relevant subject literature, and the author's participant observations from over twenty-years of service in the ILO's Social Security Department, aiming to provide insights into the decision-making processes within the organization. Conclusion: We conclude that change was brought by: 1) shift in the membership of the ILO and of its decision-making bodies towards the increased presence and powers of representatives from countries of the Global South, 2) the shift in the global development community policy priorities towards poverty reduction, 3) emergence of experimental social assistance schemes in Global South countries, with designs often ignoring principles embedded in the ILO standards. The Social Protection Floor Recommendation complements previous standards in response to the challenges of widespread poverty and informality and spreading atypical forms of employment. It provides two directions of policy responses: 1) formalizing informal employment relationships and 2) expanding universal or targeted rights-based social assistance schemes. Assistance provided by ILO to member states focuses now more on building the non-contributory schemes and on identifying the fiscal space necessary to close the coverage gaps. Nowadays, the ILO must collaborate more than before with other development partners and the main challenge is to build among them awareness and acceptance of the principles of the ILO social security standards.
There are several recent works which had proposed an automatic computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) deep learning (DL) model to diagnose coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using chest x-ray images (CXR) to propose a high-accuracy CAD method to detect COVID-19 automatically. In this study, seven different models including Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models such as VGG-16 and vision transformer (ViT) models, are proposed. The different proposed models are trained with a three-class balanced dataset consisting of 3,000 CXR images consisting of 1,000 CXR images for each class of COVID-19, Normal, and Lung-Opacity. A publicly available dataset to train and test the models is used from Kaggle-COVID-19-Radiography-Dataset. From the experiments, the accuracy of the VGG16 model is 93.44% and ViT's is 92.33%. Besides, the binary classification between two classes of COVID-19 and Normal CXR with a limited number of just 100 images for each class, using a transfer learning technique, with a validation accuracy of 97.5% is proposed.
Der Impuls von Remi Maier-Rigaud behandelt die Einführung der europäischen Gesundheitsunion als Reaktion auf die begrenzten Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Europäischen Union (EU) im Bereich der Gesundheitspolitik während der Coronapandemie. Die Gesundheitsunion wurde geschaffen, um die koordinierte Reaktion auf grenzüberschreitende Gesundheitsgefahren zu verbessern. Maier-Riguad beleuchtet im Beitrag die Vorteile einer europäischen Gesundheitspolitik, betont jedoch, dass die Frage der ausreichenden Vorbereitung auf zukünftige Gesundheitskrisen offen bleibt.
Polyamorie und Ethik
(2023)
„Polyamorie“ ist die Bezeichnung für das explizite und konsensuelle Eingehen mehrerer Liebesbeziehungen zur selben Zeit. Mit polyamoren Konstellationen korreliert, dafür wird in diesem Beitrag argumentiert, eine Ethik der Beziehungsgestaltung und sie schließen darüber hinaus für gewöhnlich das Teilen äquivalenter gesellschaftspolitischer Prämissen ein, auf die im Folgenden an einigen Stellen hingewiesen wird. Eine Ethik der Polyamorie umfasst zwei Eigenschaften: Polyethiken brechen zum einen mit dem traditionellen Verständnis vom Individuum oder Handlungssubjekt. Ich werde zeigen, dass polyamoren Beziehungsnetzwerken und der Ethik, die in ihnen idealiter gelebt wird, ein relationales Denken zugrunde liegt. Zum anderen zeichnen sich Polyethiken durch ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Beziehungen, die als poly bezeichnet werden können, aus, in denen typischerweise eine Reihe von Werten realisiert werden. Zuvor gilt es allerdings, das Verständnis von Liebe zu definieren, das nach meinem Verständnis einem Polycule bzw. polyamoren Beziehungsnetzwerken im Allgemeinen zugrunde liegt.
Einleitung: Polyamorie
(2023)
Die Vorstellung, dass wir mehrere Menschen zugleich lieben können, wird in modernen, westlich geprägten Gesellschaften sowohl als fast trivialerweise wahr anerkannt, als auch als grundsätzlich verfehlt abgelehnt. Während beispielsweise kein Zweifel daran besteht, dass wir üblicherweise unsere Eltern und zeitgleich etwaige Geschwister sowie umgekehrt Eltern für gewöhnlich alle ihre Kinder lieben und wir zudem zumeist mehrere enge und tiefe Freundschaften pflegen, ist die gesellschaftlich vorherrschende Auffassung von romantischer Liebe weitgehend von der Idee geprägt, dass es sich ausschließlich um exklusive Zweierbeziehungen handeln könne. Darüber hinaus haftet allen von der romantischen exklusiven Paarbeziehung abweichenden Formen, Liebe in Beziehungskonstellationen zu leben, eine diese moralisch mindestens als implizit fragwürdig, wenn nicht sogar offen als verwerflich kennzeichnende Be- beziehungsweise Verurteilung an. Tatsächlich gibt es allerdings viele Alternativen zur Monogamie. Der vermutlich berühmtesten, der Polyamorie, widmet sich der vorliegende Schwerpunkt. Das Wort „Polyamorie“ ist ein griechisch-lateinischer Hybrid (griech. polýs, viel/mehrere; lat. amor, Liebe) und die Bezeichnung für das zeitgleiche und konsensuelle Eingehen mehrerer Liebesbeziehungen. „Polycule“ ist das englische Kunstwort für eine ganze Reihe deutscher Ausdrücke für polyamore Beziehungsmodelle wie etwa auch „konsensuell- nichtmonogames Beziehungsnetzwerk“, „Sorgegemeinschaft“, „Wahlfamilie“ oder „Polykül“. Polyamore Beziehungsmodelle sind demnach breit gefächert und können letztlich alle möglichen Beziehungskonstellationen zwischen Personen umfassen, die einander auf die eine oder andere liebende Weise nahestehen. Dieser Schwerpunkt wirft vereinzelt Schlaglichter der philosophischen und ethischen Reflexion auf einige der Fragen und Herausforderungen, die sich hinsichtlich ethischer Polyamorie stellen beziehungsweise die mit dieser Form der nichtmonogamen Beziehungspraxis und -haltung einhergehen. Unsere Autor*innen eröffnen Diskussionsräume über einige grundlegende Aspekte einer Auseinandersetzung mit dem Phänomen der Polyamorie. Damit stecken wir mit diesem Schwerpunkt das große Feld der philosophischen und ethischen Analyse rund um die Polyamorie lediglich grob ab – eine systematische und umfassende philosophische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Phänomen der Polyamorie muss an anderer Stelle erfolgen. Nichtsdestotrotz erleichtern wir mit diesem Schwerpunkt den Einstieg in die vielfältigen philosophischen und ethischen Fragen, die sich mit dem Phänomen der Polyamorie ergeben und bereiten den Grund für eine dezidierte und genaue Auseinandersetzung mit den Herausforderungen, vor die wir uns mit ihr gestellt sehen.
This paper presents the preliminary results of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam country case study conducted as part of the research project Sustainable Labour Migration implemented by the University of Applied Science Bonn-Rhein-Sieg. The project focuses on stakeholder perspectives on countries of origin benefits and the sustainability of different transnational skill partnership schemes. Existing and ongoing small-scale initiatives indicate that opportunities exist for all three types of labour mobility pathways, from recruiting youth for apprenticeships and subsequent skilled work to recruitment and recognition of skilled 'professionals' certificates for direct work contracts to initial vocational education and training programs in a dual-track approach. While the latter has the highest potential to be more beneficial than other approaches, pursuing and supporting the scaling up of all three pathways in parallel will have additional, mutually reinforcing and supporting effects. The potential for benefits over and above those already realised by existing skill partnerships appears high, especially considering the favourable framework conditions specific to the long-standing German-Vietnamese relationship. If the potential of well-managed skill partnerships was realised, such sustainable models of skilled labour migration could serve as a unique selling point in the international competition for skilled labour.
What does ‘desirable’ or ‘sustainable’ mean in the context of labour migration? And what should programmes geared towards making migration more compatible with development look like? These questions provided the starting point for the ‘Sustainable Labour Migration’ research project implemented by Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences between December 2020 and August 2022. The project looked at how sustainability in different transnational skills partnership schemes was perceived by different stakeholders in three countries chosen as case studies: Georgia, Kosovo and Vietnam. Embracing the notion of a ‘triple win’, many transnational skills partnership schemes aim to deliver benefits for their main stakeholder groups. As well as reflecting critically on this triple-win narrative, this paper also argues for a more nuanced approach in order to grasp the complexity of skilled labour migration. The paper introduces one such approach, namely the sustainable labour migration framework, and highlights the key elements of the research project. It details the methodology used in the study (systematic literature review – employer survey – semi-structured, in-depth interviews – focus group interviews) and explores the perception of sustainability in skilled labour migration with a focus on the cost/benefit ratio, the relationship between vocational education and training and labour migration, and the various arrangements for the partnerships employed in the schemes. In introducing the key findings from the three countries selected for the case studies, the paper highlights that the perception of sustainability is not underpinned by a comprehensive understanding of the term amongst most stakeholders. Within all the schemes, however, some stakeholders identified elements which make a positive contribution to development in the respective countries of origin and thus identify elements of sustainable labour migration with room for improvement in multiple areas. The paper concludes with a presentation of overall policy recommendations: The ongoing reform of Germany’s labour migration policy should be accompanied by more development-oriented activities. As part of this, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) should stand up more forcefully for the needs of migrants and potential partner countries in order to reduce existing inequalities
This study addresses the underrepresentation of women and the so-far neglected process perspective in empirical entrepreneurial research. It aims to identify the personality traits that differentiate successful female entrepreneurs from their less successful peers and to determine which traits are crucial for pre-launch, launch, and post-launch success. Independent t-tests on 305 female entrepreneurs (and 476 male entrepreneurs) from the DACH region highlight the role of self-efficacy, proactivity, locus of control, and need for achievement for female entrepreneurs. Multiple regression analyses further reveal the importance of self-efficacy for every phase of women’s entrepreneurial journey. While the need for autonomy was critical during pre-launch and launch, locus of control significantly predicted female entrepreneurial success in the pre-launch and post-launch phases. Contrary to previous research, risk-taking was not a crucial trait for female entrepreneurs when compared to their male counterparts, while both showed similar levels of need for autonomy, proactivity, need for achievement, perseverance, self-control, and locus of control. The study offers valuable insights into successful entrepreneurship and highlights the need for female- and phase-specific support programs to enhance self-efficacy among female entrepreneurs.
The decline of insect abundance and richness has been documented for decades and has received increased attention in recent years. In 2017, a study by Hallmann and colleagues on insect biomasses in German nature protected areas received a great deal of attention and provided the impetus for the creation of the project Diversity of Insects in Nature protected Areas (DINA). The aim of DINA was to investigate possible causes for the decline of insects in nature protected areas throughout Germany and to develop strategies for managing the problem.
A major issue for the protection of insects is the lack of insect-specific regulations for nature protected areas and the lack of a risk assessment and verification of the measures applied. Most nature protected areas border on or enclose agricultural land and are structured in a mosaic, resulting in an abundance of small and narrow areas. This leads to fragmentation or even loss of endangered habitats and thus threaten biodiversity. In addition, the impact of agricultural practices, especially pesticides and fertilisers, leads to the degradation of biodiversity at the boundaries of nature protected areas, reducing their effective size. All affected stakeholders need to be involved in solving these threats by working on joint solutions. Furthermore, agriculture in and around nature protected areas must act to promote biodiversity and utilise and develop methods that reverse the current trend. This also requires subsidies from the state to ensure economic sustainability and promote biodiversity-promoting practices.
Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) remain a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Causative pathogens are routinely identified and susceptibility tested but only very rarely investigated for their resistance genes, virulence factors, and clonality. Our aim was to gain insight into the clonality patterns of different species causing BSI and the clinical relevance of distinct virulence genes.
Methods: For this study, we whole-genome-sequenced over 400 randomly selected important pathogens isolated from blood cultures in our diagnostic department between 2016 and 2021. Genomic data on virulence factors, resistance genes, and clonality were cross-linked with in-vitro data and demographic and clinical information.
Results: The investigation yielded extensive and informative data on the distribution of genes implicated in BSI as well as on the clonality of isolates across various species.
Conclusion: Associations between survival outcomes and the presence of specific genes must be interpreted with caution, and conducting replication studies with larger sample sizes for each species appears mandatory. Likewise, a deeper knowledge of virulence and host factors will aid in the interpretation of results and might lead to more targeted therapeutic and preventive measures. Monitoring transmission dynamics more efficiently holds promise to serve as a valuable tool in preventing in particular BSI caused by nosocomial pathogens.
Introduction: As historically verified, countries with comprehensive, well designed social protection systems in place are better prepared to cope with large scale catastrophes of all kinds, always in such situation there is still a need for government interventions other than social protection and larger scale discretionary social protection or related interventions. Objective: The article presents the actions of countries to minimize the negative social effects of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The text is an attempt to answer how social security systems should be adapted to aforementioned crisis? Materials and methods: The text uses research methods such as: literature criticism and statistical analysis of data and revision of implemented state intervention policies based on reports of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Labour Organizaton, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions and International Monetary Fund. Results: 1) For social security institutions of key importance to ensure continuity of operations of all services – of contributory social insurance as well of social assistance - was to ensure continuous payment of all benefits due and quick response to the new entitlement emerging. It is also necessary to ensure that all citizens are fully insured, regardless of the form of contract under which they perform work. 2) In many countries, special emergency measures that extended coverage and increased benefits were taken by governments without clearly identifying the sources of funding and very often burdening social security funds with non-statutory expenses and affecting their long-term financial sustainability. 3) In the longer run, there is a need to ensure universal health care coverage of the adequate quality, there is a need to develop policies which will secure at least minimum income security to all – independently of their labour market status, forms of employment, sex, ethnicity or nationality.
Atomic oxygen is a key species in the mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus. It peaks in the transition region between the two dominant atmospheric circulation patterns, the retrograde super-rotating zonal flow below 70 km and the subsolar to antisolar flow above 120 km altitude. However, past and current detection methods are indirect and based on measurements of other molecules in combination with photochemical models. Here, we show direct detection of atomic oxygen on the dayside as well as on the nightside of Venus by measuring its ground-state transition at 4.74 THz (63.2 µm). The atomic oxygen is concentrated at altitudes around 100 km with a maximum column density on the dayside where it is generated by photolysis of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. This method enables detailed investigations of the Venusian atmosphere in the region between the two atmospheric circulation patterns in support of future space missions to Venus.
A Fourier scatterometry setup is evaluated to recover the key parameters of optical phase gratings. Based on these parameters, systematic errors in the printing process of two-photon polymerization (TPP) gray-scale lithography three-dimensional printers can be compensated, namely tilt and curvature deviations. The proposed setup is significantly cheaper than a confocal microscope, which is usually used to determine calibration parameters for compensation of the TPP printing process. The grating parameters recovered this way are compared to those obtained with a confocal microscope. A clear correlation between confocal and scatterometric measurements is first shown for structures containing either tilt or curvature. The correlation is also shown for structures containing a mixture of tilt and curvature errors (squared Pearson coefficient r2 = 0.92). This compensation method is demonstrated on a TPP printer: a diffractive optical element printed with correction parameters obtained from Fourier scatterometry shows a significant reduction in noise as compared to the uncompensated system. This verifies the successful reduction of tilt and curvature errors. Further improvements of the method are proposed, which may enable the measurements to become more precise than confocal measurements in the future, since scatterometry is not affected by the diffraction limit.