Fachbereich Sozialpolitik und Soziale Sicherung
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Objectives: Despite the growing evidence regarding the influence of social factors on frailty in older adults, the effect of social support remains unclear. This study aims to assess the association between social support and frailty progression (transition and incidence) in a sample of community-dwelling older adults.
Methods: Using a cohort study design, 1,059 older adults from the Berlin Initiative Study were followed up for 2.1 years. Multinomial and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of social support using Oslo Social Support Scale-3 with frailty transition and incidence, respectively. Gender differences were explored using stratified analyses.
Results: At baseline, frailty prevalence in the study population [mean (SD) age 84.3 (5.6) years; 55.8% women] reached 33.1% with 47.0, 29.4 and 23.6% of the participants reporting moderate, strong and poor social support, respectively. Over the follow-up period, social support was not significantly associated with the frailty transition categories in the adjusted model. Conversely, the adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that participants with poor social support had twice the odds of becoming frail compared to those with strong social support (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.08–3.95). Gender-stratified analyses showed comparable estimates to the main analysis but were statistically non-significant.
Discussion: Our study results underpin the role of social factors in frailty incidence and highlight social support as a potential target for frailty-preventing interventions in older adults. Therefore, it is important to adopt a biopsychosocial model rather than a purely biomedical model to understand and holistically improve the health of community-dwelling older adults.
Lebenslagen und Gemeinwohl
(2024)
Eine systematische und kontinuierliche Weiterbildung ist eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für die Gestaltung und erfolgreiche Bewältigung des digitalen Wandels und der sozial-ökologischen Transformation. Dies gilt sowohl für die/den Einzelne/n im Hinblick auf den Erhalt und die Weiterentwicklung der eigenen Beschäftigungsfähigkeit als auch für die Wirtschaft zur Deckung des Fachkräftebedarfs und schließlich für den Erhalt der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Deutschlands.
Weiterbildung wird in ihrer Relevanz künftig der Erstausbildung nicht nachstehen. Während es für die Erstausbildung jedoch klare Regelungen und Verantwortlichkeiten gibt, ist die Weiterbildung durch eine historisch gewachsene fragmentierte Unübersichtlichkeit gekennzeichnet. Wenn Weiterbildung und Lebenslanges Lernen zum selbstverständlichen Bestandteil jeder Berufsbiografie werden sollen, muss die fragmentierte Weiterbildungslandschaft zu einem kohärenten, transparenten und übersichtlichen System umgebaut und auf dieser Basis zu einer gleichberechtigten Säule des Bildungssystems entwickelt werden. Es muss auf einem breiten Verständnis von Weiterbildung beruhen und anerkennen, dass die verschiedenen Segmente der Weiterbildungslandschaft – insbesondere die allgemeine und berufliche Weiterbildung – nicht überschneidungsfrei sind.
Für all dies braucht es ein stimmiges Gesamtkonzept und transparente Governancestrukturen, sonst laufen auch einzelne Verbesserungen – wie von der Bundesregierung geplant – Gefahr, zu zusätzlichen Überschneidungen, Doppelstrukturen und Widersprüchlichkeiten zu führen und damit die Unübersichtlichkeit der Weiterbildungslandschaft noch zu verstärken. Bei den in diesem Papier vorgeschlagenen Eckpunkten für eine neue transparente Governance geht es nicht um eine staatlich organisierte Weiterbildung nach dem Vorbild von Schule und Hochschule.
In Anlehnung an die Organisationsstruktur der dualen Ausbildung und im Zusammenwirken mit einer gesetzlichen Rahmensetzung soll unter Beteiligung der Sozialpartner in enger Abstimmung mit den Ländern und den Akteurinnen und Akteuren der Weiterbildung eine wirkungsvolle, korporatistische und transparente Steuerung etabliert werden.
Existing research has documented the association between bullying perpetration and bullying victimisation. However, it is still unclear how different sources of social support moderate the association between bullying perpetration and bullying victimisation at a cross-national level. Using multilevel binary logistic regression models, this study examined the moderating role of public health care spending and perceived social support (i.e., family and teacher support) in the association between traditional bullying perpetration and victimisation by traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents across 27 European countries. Country-level data were combined with 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey data from 162,792 adolescents (11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds) in 27 European countries. Results showed that adolescents who perpetrated traditional bullying had a higher likelihood of being victimised by traditional bullying and cyberbullying than adolescents who did not bully others. Results also indicated that the magnitude of the positive association between traditional bullying perpetration and victimisation by traditional bullying and cyberbullying was mitigated among adolescents with more family, teacher, and public health care support. These findings support the notion that multilayered systems of social support could play a vital role in bullying prevention and intervention strategies to address bullying among adolescents.
Literature indicates scarcity of cross-national research on the association between physical fighting and bullying victimisation among adolescents, and the moderating role of perceived social support and education spending on this association. Using multilevel binary logistic regression, this study examined the association of physical fighting with traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimisation, with public education spending and perceived social support from families and teachers as moderators. Country-level data were combined with 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey data from 162,792 adolescents (11-, 13- and 15-year-olds) in 27 European countries. Results showed that physical fighting was positively and significantly associated with cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimisation. These results signify that physical fighting is a robust predictor of bullying victimisation. The findings demonstrate that perceived social support and education spending buffered the association of physical fighting with traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimisation. The findings imply that social support not only prevents adolescents from engaging in physical fights, but also reduces the risk of bullying victimisation. Accordingly, to deter adolescents from engaging in physical violence and reduce the risk of bullying victimisation, there is need to fully comprehend the influence of physical fighting on bullying victimisation, and the moderating role of social support.
Weiterbildung 4.0
(2019)
Wie lässt sich lebenslanges Lernen organisieren? Was bedeutet es, wenn durch die Digitalisierung und den technologischen Wandel in den kommenden Jahren viele – auch gut bezahlte – Arbeitsplätze wegfallen, andere sich verändern, wieder andere komplett neu entstehen? Wie können Menschen dazu befähigt werden, mit diesen Entwicklungen Schritt zu halten?
Die Antwort der Autorinnen und Autoren des vorliegenden Textes lautet: Wir brauchen eine neue Weiterbildungskultur. Ausgehend von einer Analyse des gegenwärtigen Weiterbildungsmarktes machen sie deutlich, dass der Erwerb neuer Qualifikationen und Kompetenzen nicht länger dem Zufall überlassen werden darf: den Fähigkeiten der oder des Einzelnen, sich auf einem weitgehend chaotischen Anbietermarkt das passende Angebot herauszusuchen, den höchst unterschiedlichen regionalen und betrieblichen Gegebenheiten. Stattdessen fordern sie: Weiterbildung gehört in öffentliche Verantwortung. Weil sie der Erstausbildung in puncto Relevanz künftig nicht nachstehen wird, muss sie neben Schule, Ausbildung und Studium eine vierte gleichberechtigte Säule unseres Bildungssystems werden.
Vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Internationalisierung der Arbeits- und Ausbildungsmärkte in Deutschland wird der Zugang zu qualitativ gutem und bezahlbarem Wohnraum zu einem wichtigen Standort- und Wettbewerbsfaktor. Die Verfügbarkeit von Wohnraum ist zudem eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Integration, die Teilhabe und die Lebensqualität zugewanderter Fachkräfte.
In diesem Kontext adressiert das vorliegende Diskussionspapier die strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen der Debatte um die integrative Funktion des Wohnens im Kontext der Fachkräftezuwanderung. Es wird argumentiert, dass das Thema Wohnen nicht nur im Zuständigkeitsbereich von Unternehmen liegt, sondern auch eine kommunal- und eine entwicklungspolitische Dimension besitzt und es systemischer Lösungsansätze bedarf. Auf der Grundlage einer umfassenden Internet- und Literaturrecherche und acht problemzentrierten Experteninterviews beschreibt das Diskussionspapier die korrespondierenden Herausforderungen, skizziert prototypische Praxisbeispiele und unterbreitet Handlungsempfehlungen für eine ganzheitliche Herangehensweise, die für Unternehmen und kommunal- und entwicklungspolitische Akteure gleichermaßen relevant ist. Diese Empfehlungen umfassen neben der Bereitstellung von Wohnraum Aspekte der sozialen Infrastruktur, der Orientierung und Beratung, der Vernetzung und des Dialogs.
Blickpunkt
(2024)
Ukraine
(2024)
Digitalisierung in zentralen Feldern der Sozialpolitik: Entwicklungstendenzen, Chancen und Risiken
(2022)
Social policy research on the ageing workforce from the perspective of employees and employers
(2024)
Dieses Einführungspapier ist als Orientierungshilfe zum Thema Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) (engl. Artifical Intelligence, AI) im DaF/DaZ-Kontext gedacht. Ausgehend von häufig gestellten Fragen enthält es grundsätzliche Informationen zu technischen und historischen Hintergründen, didaktisch-methodische Reflexionsanregungen sowie praktische Ideen zum Einsatz von KI im DaF/DaZ-Kontext.
This paper seeks to explore the framework within which the International Labour Office should promote a principled, practical approach to social security policy in the new millennium. Integration has to be built around a joint coherent policy vision and building such a policy vision requires debate. This paper is a product of a joint effort of members of the ILO Social Security Department and social security specialists working in the ILO field offices.
Farming communities confronted with climate change adopt formal and informal adaptation strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change. While the environmental and social effects of climate change are well documented, there is still a dearth of literature on girl-child marriage (formal marriage or informal union between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child) as a response to the effects of climate change. In this research, we ask if girl-child marriage is promoted as a social protection mechanism first, rather than as simply a response to climate-induced poverty. We use qualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to explore this question in a rural farming community in Northern Ghana. Our findings reveal that climate change shocks result in poverty and compel farmers to marry off their young daughters. The unmarried girl-child is perceived as an ‘extra mouth to feed’, a liability whose marriage becomes a strategy for protecting the family, the family’s reputation, and the girl child. The emphasis in girl-child marriage is not on the girl-child as an individual but on the family as a group. Hence, what is good for the family is assumed to be in the best interest of the girl-child. We place our analysis at the intersection of climate change, social protection, and the incidence of girl-child marriages. We argue that understanding this link is crucial and can contribute significantly to our knowledge of girl-child marriage as well as our ability to address this in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Migrationspolitik in Deutschland polarisiert derzeit wie kaum ein anderes Thema. Einen zentralen Kritikpunkt aus der menschenrechtlichen Perspektive stellen hierbei fehlende gesetzlich verbindliche und einheitliche Standards in der Unterbringung von geflüchteten Menschen in Deutschland dar. Das Ausbleiben verbindlicher bundesweiter Vorgaben hat weitreichende negative Folgen insbesondere für vulnerable Gruppen unter den geflüchteten Menschen, wie Frauen, Kinder, Senior:innen, chronisch Kranke oder LGBTQ+ Personen.
Küssen
(2024)
Chefredakteur Zufall
(2023)
Introduction: The paper analyses – basing itself on reports and other documents created by different parts of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) – the process which led to the adoption of Social Protection Floor Recommendation No. 202 and the shift in focus of social policy advice towards basic protection and to the Global South countries. We look at the actions of different actors which shape the standard setting and policy stand of the organisation. Objective: To provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical trajectory of ILO social security standards, examining the evolution of principles, conventions, and the global dynamics that have shaped the organization's approach to social protection over time. Materials and methods: The methods include examining ILO documents, relevant subject literature, and the author's participant observations from over twenty-years of service in the ILO's Social Security Department, aiming to provide insights into the decision-making processes within the organization. Conclusion: We conclude that change was brought by: 1) shift in the membership of the ILO and of its decision-making bodies towards the increased presence and powers of representatives from countries of the Global South, 2) the shift in the global development community policy priorities towards poverty reduction, 3) emergence of experimental social assistance schemes in Global South countries, with designs often ignoring principles embedded in the ILO standards. The Social Protection Floor Recommendation complements previous standards in response to the challenges of widespread poverty and informality and spreading atypical forms of employment. It provides two directions of policy responses: 1) formalizing informal employment relationships and 2) expanding universal or targeted rights-based social assistance schemes. Assistance provided by ILO to member states focuses now more on building the non-contributory schemes and on identifying the fiscal space necessary to close the coverage gaps. Nowadays, the ILO must collaborate more than before with other development partners and the main challenge is to build among them awareness and acceptance of the principles of the ILO social security standards.
Der Impuls von Remi Maier-Rigaud behandelt die Einführung der europäischen Gesundheitsunion als Reaktion auf die begrenzten Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Europäischen Union (EU) im Bereich der Gesundheitspolitik während der Coronapandemie. Die Gesundheitsunion wurde geschaffen, um die koordinierte Reaktion auf grenzüberschreitende Gesundheitsgefahren zu verbessern. Maier-Riguad beleuchtet im Beitrag die Vorteile einer europäischen Gesundheitspolitik, betont jedoch, dass die Frage der ausreichenden Vorbereitung auf zukünftige Gesundheitskrisen offen bleibt.
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration defines Global Skill Partnerships (GSP) as an innovative means of strengthen skills development among origin countries and countries of destination in mutually beneficial manner. However, GSPs are very limited in number and scope, and empirical analyses of them are, to date, relatively rare. This study helps fill this gap in data by presenting and examining existing GSPs or GSP-like approaches (e.g., transnational training partnerships). The aim of the study is to take stock of the various conceptual discourses on and practical experience with transnational skill partnerships. Using Kosovo as a case study, the study details the structure of such partnerships and the processes they entail. It documents the experience of those involved and catalogues the factors contributing to success. On this basis, the authors propose a means of categorizing the various practices that will help structure the empirical diversity of such approaches and render them conceptually feasible: Transnational Skills and Mobility Partnerships (TSMP).
This paper presents the preliminary results of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam country case study conducted as part of the research project Sustainable Labour Migration implemented by the University of Applied Science Bonn-Rhein-Sieg. The project focuses on stakeholder perspectives on countries of origin benefits and the sustainability of different transnational skill partnership schemes. Existing and ongoing small-scale initiatives indicate that opportunities exist for all three types of labour mobility pathways, from recruiting youth for apprenticeships and subsequent skilled work to recruitment and recognition of skilled 'professionals' certificates for direct work contracts to initial vocational education and training programs in a dual-track approach. While the latter has the highest potential to be more beneficial than other approaches, pursuing and supporting the scaling up of all three pathways in parallel will have additional, mutually reinforcing and supporting effects. The potential for benefits over and above those already realised by existing skill partnerships appears high, especially considering the favourable framework conditions specific to the long-standing German-Vietnamese relationship. If the potential of well-managed skill partnerships was realised, such sustainable models of skilled labour migration could serve as a unique selling point in the international competition for skilled labour.
What does ‘desirable’ or ‘sustainable’ mean in the context of labour migration? And what should programmes geared towards making migration more compatible with development look like? These questions provided the starting point for the ‘Sustainable Labour Migration’ research project implemented by Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences between December 2020 and August 2022. The project looked at how sustainability in different transnational skills partnership schemes was perceived by different stakeholders in three countries chosen as case studies: Georgia, Kosovo and Vietnam. Embracing the notion of a ‘triple win’, many transnational skills partnership schemes aim to deliver benefits for their main stakeholder groups. As well as reflecting critically on this triple-win narrative, this paper also argues for a more nuanced approach in order to grasp the complexity of skilled labour migration. The paper introduces one such approach, namely the sustainable labour migration framework, and highlights the key elements of the research project. It details the methodology used in the study (systematic literature review – employer survey – semi-structured, in-depth interviews – focus group interviews) and explores the perception of sustainability in skilled labour migration with a focus on the cost/benefit ratio, the relationship between vocational education and training and labour migration, and the various arrangements for the partnerships employed in the schemes. In introducing the key findings from the three countries selected for the case studies, the paper highlights that the perception of sustainability is not underpinned by a comprehensive understanding of the term amongst most stakeholders. Within all the schemes, however, some stakeholders identified elements which make a positive contribution to development in the respective countries of origin and thus identify elements of sustainable labour migration with room for improvement in multiple areas. The paper concludes with a presentation of overall policy recommendations: The ongoing reform of Germany’s labour migration policy should be accompanied by more development-oriented activities. As part of this, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) should stand up more forcefully for the needs of migrants and potential partner countries in order to reduce existing inequalities
Politische Ökonomie
(2023)
Introduction: As historically verified, countries with comprehensive, well designed social protection systems in place are better prepared to cope with large scale catastrophes of all kinds, always in such situation there is still a need for government interventions other than social protection and larger scale discretionary social protection or related interventions. Objective: The article presents the actions of countries to minimize the negative social effects of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The text is an attempt to answer how social security systems should be adapted to aforementioned crisis? Materials and methods: The text uses research methods such as: literature criticism and statistical analysis of data and revision of implemented state intervention policies based on reports of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Labour Organizaton, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions and International Monetary Fund. Results: 1) For social security institutions of key importance to ensure continuity of operations of all services – of contributory social insurance as well of social assistance - was to ensure continuous payment of all benefits due and quick response to the new entitlement emerging. It is also necessary to ensure that all citizens are fully insured, regardless of the form of contract under which they perform work. 2) In many countries, special emergency measures that extended coverage and increased benefits were taken by governments without clearly identifying the sources of funding and very often burdening social security funds with non-statutory expenses and affecting their long-term financial sustainability. 3) In the longer run, there is a need to ensure universal health care coverage of the adequate quality, there is a need to develop policies which will secure at least minimum income security to all – independently of their labour market status, forms of employment, sex, ethnicity or nationality.