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People with type 2 Diabetes have an elevated risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) for which dyslipidemia is the major contributor. Diabetic patients have characteristic pattern of dyslipidemia with decreased level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated triglycerides (TG) level. However, in diabetes mellitus, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) which is used as one of the markers for the risk of CVD, is underestimated so in such cases the levels of non-High density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) can be a stronger predictor of CVD as it strongly correlates with atherogenic lipoproteins. Therefore, an attempt has been made to evaluate the level of non-HDL-C as a newer marker for the risk of cardiovascular disease and to fi nd out the pattern of dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus. The present study comprised of 82 type 2 Diabetic cases and 81 non-diabetic controls. Among the diabetics, the majority of the subjects (61.0%) were HDL-C dyslipidemic. However, among the controls, the maximum numbers of individuals (40.7%) were TG dyslipidemic. Diabetics have signifi cantly elevated ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and the signifi cant increased levels of non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) compared to controls which can be used as markers of dyslipidemia and can also be used to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Stellt Product Placement eine bösartige Fehlentwicklung dar oder löst es erstarrte und verkrampfte Strukturen in unserem Mediensystem? Gehört es rigoros verboten oder kann es gemeinwohlorientiert reguliert werden? Das Phänomen sorgt in zyklischer Abfolge für hitzige Diskussionen, große Hoffnungen und noch größere Skandale.
Die Frage der Wertorientierungen wirtschaftlichen und politischen Handelns gewinnt immer dann ein öffentliches Interesse, wenn soziale Probleme oder Konflikte von existenzieller Bedeutung für die Betroffenen auftreten. Ist es richtig, das Unternehmenswohl höher einzustufen als das Wohl der Mitarbeiter und ihrer Familien?
Approximate clone detection is the process of identifying similar process fragments in business process model collections. The tool presented in this paper can efficiently cluster approximate clones in large process model repositories. Once a repository is clustered, users can filter and browse the clusters using different filtering parameters. Our tool can also visualize clusters in the 2D space, allowing a better understanding of clusters and their member fragments. This demonstration will be useful for researchers and practitioners working on large process model repositories, where process standardization is a critical task for increasing the consistency and reducing the complexity of the repository.
CSR als Führungskonzept
(2012)
Die Darlegungsform von Nachhaltigkeitsleistungen sind üblicherweise gesondert ausgegebene Nachhaltigkeitsberichte auf die DAX-30-Unternehmen in ihren Geschäftsberichten hinweisen. Insbesondere die für kapitalmarktorientierte Unternehmen bedeutende Stakeholdergruppe der Analysten und Investoren fordert jedoch zunehmend eine integrative Darstellung aller Dimensionen der Triple-Bottom-Line auch im Lagebericht. Die gesetzlichen Offenlegungspflichten nach § 289 Abs. 3 bzw. § 315 Abs. 1 S. 4 HGB und DRS 15.32 erhöhen den Druck auf die DAX-30-Unternehmen zusätzlich. Diese Arbeit thematisiert im Kern das aktuelle Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökonomie, Ökologie und sozialem Engagement von Unternehmen. Auf Basis einer umfassenden theoretischen Analyse werden konkrete Kennzahlen zur Erfassung von Indikatoren der Nachhaltigkeit gebildet und deren Ausprägung bei den DAX 30 Unternehmen erarbeitet.
Development and Validation of a Rapid and Reliable Method for TPMT Genotyping using real-time PCR
(2012)
The topic of this PhD project is in the context of cross-reality, a term that defines mixed reality environments that tunnel dense real-world data acquired through the use of sensor/actuator device networks into virtual worlds. It is part of the ongoing academia and industry efforts to achieve interoperability between virtual and real devices and services.
Vermitteln von Werten
(2012)
Eine neue Kultur der Verantwortung – Was Politik und Gesellschaft von Unternehmen erwarten müssen
(2012)
Controlling 2020
(2012)
Aufgrund der wachsenden Dynamik der Unternehmensumwelt, nimmt die allgemeine Unsicherheit über die zukünftigen Entwicklungsrichtungen der Unternehmen in Deutschland stetig zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund und für einen proaktiven Umgang mit zukünftigen Herausforderungen, sollten Controller ein besonderes Interesse daran haben, frühzeitig zu erfahren, welche Entwicklungen die Controllingpraxis in Zukunft tangieren werden. Trotz der steigenden Nachfrage kommt aktuell weder die akademische, noch die praxisorientierte Controllingforschung ihrer Prognosefunktion in ausreichendem Maße nach. Als wissenschaftlicher Beitrag für eine stärkere Zukunftsorientierung in der Controllingforschung zielt die vorliegende Arbeit darauf ab, mit Hilfe einer qualitativen Metaanalyse, aus Zukunftsbildern der Unternehmensumwelt Thesen über die zukünftige Entwicklung des Controllings in Deutschland bis 2020 aufzustellen und Implikationen für die Controllingpraxis abzuleiten.
Nützt oder schadet ethisches Verhalten der Karriere und dem Erfolg der Mitarbeiter und ihrer Unternehmen? Wenn man gerade die letzten 10 Entwicklungsjahre in vielen Unternehmen sieht, könnte man spontan die Meinung vertreten, dass Ethik und Moral der Karriere eher schadet, legt man den Maßstab an moralische Qualitäten des täglichen Handelns.
Multi-hop Netze sind seit vielen Jahren Forschungsthema. Seit einigen Jahren gibt es auch erste Realisierungen solcher Netze. Sie ermöglichen es, ohne feste Infrastruktur sich selbst organisierende Netze zu realisieren. Dies macht sie für vielfältige zivile wie taktische Szenarien interessant. In der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt der Fokus auf taktischen Szenarien, wie Szenarien der öffentlichen Sicherheit, militärischen oder Katastrophenszenarien. In solchen Szenarien kann für die Kommunikation auf der letzten Meile nicht von existierender Kommunikationsinfrastruktur ausgegangen werden. Taktische multi-hop Netze stellen eine Möglichkeit dar, die Kommunikation auf der letzen Meile trotzdem zu realisieren.
Malware is responsible for massive economic damage. Being the preferred tool for digital crime, botnets are becoming increasingly sophisticated, using more and more resilient, distributed infrastructures based on peer-to-peer (P2P) protocols. On the other side, current investigation techniques for malware and botnets on a technical level are time-consuming and highly complex. Fraunhofer FKIE is addressing this problem, researching new ways of intelligent process automation and information management for malware analysis in order to minimize the time needed to investigate these threats.
Today’s computer systems face a vast array of severe threats that are posed by automated attacks performed by malicious software as well as manual attacks by individual humans. These attacks not only differ in their technical implementation but may also be location-dependent. Consequentially, it is necessary to join the information from heterogeneous and distributed attack sensors in order to acquire comprehensive information on current ongoing cyber attacks.
AV-Medientechnik
(2012)
Um Filme, TV-Beiträge oder Musikvideos professionell zu produzieren, ist die sichere Beherrschung der Produktionstechnik absolut erforderlich. Basierend auf den jeweiligen technischen und physiologischen Grundlagen vermittelt dieses Buch praxisnah die wesentlichen technischen Inhalte der Film- und Fernsehproduktion. (Verlagsangaben)
Topics
Dialogue University President Hartmut Ihne and Jakob Rhyner, Vice Rector of the United Nations University (UNU), talk about common goals and the concept of regional internationality ...
Studies and Teaching University scores high with the Teaching Quality Pact (Pro-MINT-us), career training and Bachelor studies all in one, three attractive Master’s programmes set up, central e-Learning platform online, International Centre for Sustainable Development already hard at work ...
Research Graduate Institute establishes new Ph.D. culture, research focus on visual computing secures third-party funding, energy harvesting project wins university competition, research on the impact of zero gravity on arteries, security systems protect against car thieves ...
Campus Centre for Science and Technology Transfer, International Welcome Centre - a first stop for foreign students, alumni coordinator keeps in close contact with former students, hackathon brings students from around the world together, H-BRS prepared for the double Abitur year ...
What if ... ... the Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences did not exist? Personal answers to an unusual question ...
Region H-BRS- a strong engine for the region, research centre for region’s SMEs looks for investors, companies invest in scholarships, students advise the Alexander- Koenig-Gesellschaft, BusinessCampus opens a third location, concept for medical tourism along the Rhine corridor ...
International Mechanical engineering students in Ethiopia, businesses and universities collaborate in Ghana, university partnership with Namibia, Study Buddies for foreign students, student initiates German-Argentine Master’s degree, Spanish teacher conference, intercultural training for all university staff ...
Facts and Figures Programmes of study, statistics, organisational structure, international partnerships, awards ...
Die Debatte um das menschliche Erkenntnisvermögen, also die Frage nach der Art und Weise, wie Menschen Wissen und Erkenntnis erlangen, ist nicht neu, sondern sie stellt sich seitdem philosophische Fragen gestellt werden – ohne dass allerdings über die Jahrhunderte hinweg eine definitive Antwort auf diese Frage gefunden werden konnte.
Auf dem Weg zur Promotion: Zur Benachteiligung von Fachhochschul-Absolventinnen und -Absolventen
(2012)
Das Team aus Sascha Czornohus, Katrin Dobersalske, Fabian Heuel und Nina Petrow bearbeitet mit seinem „Aufsatz Auf dem Weg zur Promotion: Strukturelle Benachteiligung von Fachhochschul-Absolventinnen und -Absolventen“ ein hochschulpolitisch brisantes und daher sensibles Thema, das die Hochschulpolitik inzwischen in offener Auseinandersetzung beschäftigt. Seit die Forschung unstreitig zu den Aufgaben der Fachhochschulen zählt, Promotion zu den Berufungsvoraussetzungen an ihnen gehört und alle Professoren an Universitäten ausgebildet wurden, wurde die Forderung nach Promotionszugängen für die Master-Absolventen der Fachhochschulen immer lauter. Teillösungen wurden gefunden, aber die Debatte wird breiter und umfasst inzwischen (auf dem Hintergrund der Profil- und Schwerpunktbildung mit sehr unterschiedlichem Ausbau der Fächer) die Frage, ob überhaupt ganzen Hochschulen das Promotionsrecht verliehen werden sollte oder von Fachbereich zu Fachbereich verschieden – auch bei Universitäten. Die Überzeugung, dass die Verteilung des Promotionsrechts in Deutschland überprüft werden sollte, breitet sich aus. Das HSW ist an der breiteren Diskussion dieses Themas interessiert.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the Third International ICST Conference on e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries, AFRICOMM 2011, held in Zanzibar, Tansania, in November 2011. The 24 revised full papers presented together with 2 poster papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics in the field of information and communication infrastructures. They are organized in two tracks: communication infrastructures for developing countries and electronic services, ICT policy, and regulatory issues for developing countries.
YAWL User Group
(2012)
The documentation requirements of data published in long term archives have significantly grown over the last decade. At WDCC the data publishing process is assisted by “Atarrabi”, a web-based workflow system for reviewing and editing metadata information by the data authors and the publication agent. The system ensures high metadata quality for long-term use of the data with persistent identifiers (DOI/URN). By these well-defined references (DOI) credit can properly be given to the data producers in any publication.
This paper describes adaptive time frequency analysis of EEG signals, both in theory as well as in practice. A momentary frequency estimation algorithm is discussed and applied to EEG time series of test persons performing a concentration experiment. The motivation for deriving and implementing a time frequency estimator is the assumption that an emotional change implies a transient in the measured EEG time series, which again are superimposed by biological white noise as well as artifacts. It will be shown how accurately and robustly the estimator detects the transient even under such complicated conditions.
The criteria for assessing the quality of rubber materials are the polymer or copolymer composition and the additives. These additives include plasticizers, extender oils, carbon black, inorganic fillers, antioxidants, heat and light stabilizers, processing aids, cross-linking agents, accelerators, retarders, adhesives, pigments, smoke and flame retardants, and others. Determination of additives in polymers or copolymers generally requires the extraction of these substances from the matrix as a first step, which can be challenging, and the subsequent analysis of the extracted additives by gas chromatography (GC), GC–mass spectrometry (MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPLC–MS, capillary electrophoresis, thin-layer chromatography, and other analytical techniques. In the present work, nitrile rubber materials were studied using direct analytical flash pyrolysis hyphenated to GC and electrospray ionization MS in both scan and selected ion monitoring modes to demonstrate that this technique is a good tool to identify the organic additives in nitrile rubber.
In a research project funded by the German Research Foundation, meteorologists, data publication experts, and computer scientists optimised the publication process of meteorological data and developed software that supports metadata review. The project group placed particular emphasis on scientific and technical quality assurance of primary data and metadata. At the end, the software automatically registers a Digital Object Identifier at DataCite. The software has been successfully integrated into the infrastructure of the World Data Center for Climate, but a key was to make the results applicable to data publication processes in other sciences as well.
Along with the success of the digitally revived stereoscopic cinema, other events beyond 3D movies become attractive for movie theater operators, i.e. interactive 3D games. In this paper, we present a case that explores possible challenges and solutions for interactive 3D games to be played by a movie theater audience. We analyze the setting and showcase current issues related to lighting and interaction. Our second focus is to provide gameplay mechanics that make special use of stereoscopy, especially depth-based game design. Based on these results, we present YouDash3D, a game prototype that explores public stereoscopic gameplay in a reduced kiosk setup. It features live 3D HD video stream of a professional stereo camera rig rendered in a real-time game scene. We use the effect to place the stereoscopic effigies of players into the digital game. The game showcases how stereoscopic vision can provide for a novel depth-based game mechanic. Projected trigger zones and distributed clusters of the audience video allow for easy adaptation to larger audiences and 3D movie theater gaming.
Gas chromatography with simultaneous flame-ionization detection (FID) and a nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been used to characterize some long-chain primary alkyl amines and alkyl diamines after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA).
Designing stereoscopic information visualization for 3D-TV: What can we learn from S3D gaming?
(2012)
This paper explores graphical design and spatial alignment of visual information and graphical elements into stereoscopically filmed content, e.g. captions, subtitles, and especially more complex elements in 3D-TV productions. The method used is a descriptive analysis of existing computer- and video games that have been adapted for stereoscopic display using semi-automatic rendering techniques (e.g. Nvidia 3D Vision) or games which have been specifically designed for stereoscopic vision. Digital games often feature compelling visual interfaces that combine high usability with creative visual design. We explore selected examples of game interfaces in stereoscopic vision regarding their stereoscopic characteristics, how they draw attention, how we judge effect and comfort and where the interfaces fail. As a result, we propose a list of five aspects which should be considered when designing stereoscopic visual information: explicit information, implicit information, spatial reference, drawing attention, and vertical alignment. We discuss possible consequences, opportunities and challenges for integrating visual information elements into 3D-TV content. This work shall further help to improve current editing systems and identifies a need for future editing systems for 3DTV, e.g., live editing and real-time alignment of visual information into 3D footage.
We present a study that investigates user performance benefits of playing video games using 3D motion controllers in 3D stereoscopic vision in comparison to monoscopic viewing. Using the PlayStation 3 game console coupled with the PlayStation Move Controller, we explored five different games that combine 3D stereo and 3D spatial interaction. For each game, quantitative and qualitative measures were taken to determine if users performed better and learned faster in the experimental group (3D stereo display) than in the control group (2D display). A game expertise pre-questionnaire was used to classify participants into beginners and expert game player categories to analyze a possible impact on performance differences. The results show two cases where the 3D stereo display did help participants perform significantly better than with a 2D display. For the first time, we can report a positive effect on gaming performance based on stereoscopic vision, although reserved to isolated tasks and depending on game expertise. We discuss the reasons behind these findings and provide recommendations for game designers who want to make use of 3D stereoscopic vision and 3D motion control to enhance game experiences.
Recent advances in digital game technology are making stereoscopic games more popular. Stereoscopic 3D graphics promise a better gaming experience but this potential has not yet been proven empirically. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study that evaluates player experience of three stereoscopic games in comparison with their monoscopic counterparts. We examined 60 participants, each playing one of the three games, using three self-reporting questionnaires and one psychophysiological instrument. Our main results are (1) stereoscopy in games increased experienced immersion, spatial presence, and simulator sickness; (2) the effects strongly differed across the three games and for both genders, indicating more affect on male users and with games involving depth animations; (3) results related to attention and cognitive involvement indicate more direct and less thoughtful interactions with stereoscopic games, pointing towards a more natural experience through stereoscopy.
A robot (e.g. mobile manipulator) that interacts with its environment to perform its tasks, often faces situations in which it is unable to achieve its goals despite perfect functioning of its sensors and actuators. These situations occur when the behavior of the object(s) manipulated by the robot deviates from its expected course because of unforeseeable ircumstances. These deviations are experienced by the robot as unknown external faults. In this work we present an approach that increases reliability of mobile manipulators against the unknown external faults. This approach focuses on the actions of manipulators which involve releasing of an object. The proposed approach, which is triggered after detection of a fault, is formulated as a three-step scheme that takes a definition of a planning operator and an example simulation as its inputs. The planning operator corresponds to the action that fails because of the fault occurrence, whereas the example simulation shows the desired/expected behavior of the objects for the same action. In its first step, the scheme finds a description of the expected behavior of the objects in terms of logical atoms (i.e. description vocabulary). The description of the simulation is used by the second step to find limits of the parameters of the manipulated object. These parameters are the variables that define the releasing state of the object.
Using randomly chosen values of the parameters within these limits, this step creates different examples of the releasing state of the object. Each one of these examples is labelled as desired or undesired according to the behavior exhibited by the object (in the simulation), when the object is released in the state corresponded by the example. The description vocabulary is also used in labeling the examples autonomously. In the third step, an algorithm (i.e. N-Bins) uses the labelled examples to suggest the state for the object in which releasing it avoids the occurrence of unknown external faults.
The proposed N-Bins algorithm can also be used for binary classification problems. Therefore, in our experiments with the proposed approach we also test its prediction ability along with the analysis of the results of our approach. The results show that under the circumstances peculiar to our approach, N-Bins algorithm shows reasonable prediction accuracy where other state of the art classification algorithms fail to do so. Thus, N-Bins also extends the ability of a robot to predict the behavior of the object to avoid unknown external faults. In this work we use simulation environment OPENRave that uses physics engine ODE to simulate the dynamics of rigid bodies.
Mikroökonomie: Grundlagen der Wissenschaft von Märkten und Institutionen wirtschaftlichen Handelns
(2012)
Die Mikroökonomie gehört zu den Kernfächern in wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Bachelor- und Masterprogrammen. Das vorliegende Buch bietet mit vielen Beispielen und Aufgaben, beispielsweise aus den Gebieten Arbeits-, Kapital-, Versicherungs-, Güter-, und Gesundheitsmarkt, die Möglichkeit, die Theorie anzuwenden und nachzuvollziehen.
Jede Führungskraft hat ein bestimmtes Menschenbild, das ihre Arbeit und den Umgang mit den Mitarbeitern prägt. Diese Menschenbilder sind auch einem historischen Wandel unterworfen. Denn im Lauf der Jahrzehnte haben sich unsere Vorstellungen vom Menschen als Mitarbeiter grundlegend gewandelt. Welche Konsequenzen dieser Wandel für die Mitarbeiterführung hat, untersucht der folgende Artikel.
The relative contributions of radial and laminar optic flow to the perception of linear self-motion
(2012)
When illusory self-motion is induced in a stationary observer by optic flow, the perceived distance traveled is generally overestimated relative to the distance of a remembered target (Redlick, Harris, & Jenkin, 2001): subjects feel they have gone further than the simulated distance and indicate that they have arrived at a target's previously seen location too early. In this article we assess how the radial and laminar components of translational optic flow contribute to the perceived distance traveled. Subjects monocularly viewed a target presented in a virtual hallway wallpapered with stripes that periodically changed color to prevent tracking. The target was then extinguished and the visible area of the hallway shrunk to an oval region 40° (h) × 24° (v). Subjects either continued to look centrally or shifted their gaze eccentrically, thus varying the relative amounts of radial and laminar flow visible. They were then presented with visual motion compatible with moving down the hallway toward the target and pressed a button when they perceived that they had reached the target's remembered position. Data were modeled by the output of a leaky spatial integrator (Lappe, Jenkin, & Harris, 2007). The sensory gain varied systematically with viewing eccentricity while the leak constant was independent of viewing eccentricity. Results were modeled as the linear sum of separate mechanisms sensitive to radial and laminar optic flow. Results are compatible with independent channels for processing the radial and laminar flow components of optic flow that add linearly to produce large but predictable errors in perceived distance traveled.
Interactive Distributed Rendering of 3D Scenes on Multiple Xbox 360 Systems and Personal Computers
(2012)
We present our approach to extend a Virtual Reality software framework towards the use for Augmented Reality applications. Although VR and AR applications have very similar requirements in terms of abstract components (like 6DOF input, stereoscopic output, simulation engines), the requirements in terms of hardware and software vary considerably. In this article we would like to share the experience gained from adapting our VR software framework for AR applications. We will address design issues for this task. The result is a VR/AR basic software that allows us to implement interactive applications without fixing their type (VR or AR) beforehand. Switching from VR to AR is a matter of changing the configuration file of the application. We also give an example of the use of the extended framework: Augmenting the magnetic field of bar magnets in physics classes. We describe the setup of the system and the real-time calculation of the magnetic field, using a GPU.
Anfang Januar 2007 trat in Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW) das Hochschulfreiheitsgesetz (HFG) in Kraft. Mit dem HFG hat sich die Landesregierung in NRW weit aus der Detailsteuerung der Hochschulen zurückgezogen und tritt lediglich noch für existenzielle Schadensereignisse ein. So sind die Hochschulen – Universitäten und Fachhochschulen – in NRW keine staatlichen Einrichtungen mehr, sondern Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts in staatlicher Trägerschaft. Hiermit folgt das neue Hochschulgesetz dem hochschulpolitischen Paradigmenwechsel von einem staatlich geplanten, weitgehend einheitlich gestalteten System zu einem durch Profilbildung und Wettbewerb geprägten Hochschulsystem. In diesem Artikel werden die damit verbundenen Problemstellungen und Lösungsoptionen aufgezeigt und als Empfehlung die Einführung eines Chancen- und Risikomanagements beschrieben.
This paper compares the memory allocation of two Java virtual machines, namely Oracle Java HotSpot VM 32-bit (OJVM) and Jamaica JamaicaVM (JJVM). The basic difference of the architectures in both machines is that the JamaicaVM uses fixed-size blocks for allocating objects on the heap. The basic difference of the architectures is that the JJVM uses fixed size block allocation on the heap. This means that objects have to be split into several connected blocks if they are bigger than the specified block-size. On the other hand, for small objects a full block must be allocated. The paper contains both theoretical and experimental analysis on the memory-overhead. The theoretical analysis is based on specifications of the two virtual machines. The experimental analysis is done with a modified JVMTI Agent together with the SPECjvm2008 Benchmark.
Traffic simulations for virtual environments are concerned with the behavior of individual traffic participants. The complexity of behavior in these simulations is often rather simple to abide by the constraints of processing resources. In sophisticated traffic simulations, the behavior of individual traffic participants is also modeled, but the focus lies on the overall behavior of the entire system, e.g. to identify possible bottle necks of traffic flow [8].
Disorders of the degradation of branched chain amino acids: what is new in clinics and laboratories?
(2012)
Um eine Software fertigzustellen und dem Endkunden zu übergeben muss zunächst der Entwicklungsprozess durchschritten werden. Das zügige Durchlaufen dieses Entwicklungsprozesses ist besonders für den Endkunden von entscheidender Bedeutung, da die Wartezeit auf das Softwareprodukt für ihn reduziert wird. Problematisch könnte beispielsweise dabei ein modulares Vorgehen werden, wenn zunächst alle einzelnen Teilkomponenten eines Softwareproduktes entwickelt und diese daraufhin in einer anschließenden Phase, auch Integrationsphase genannt, zusammengefügt würden. Die Länge dieser Integrationsphase kann nur schwer vorausgesagt werden, so dass weder das Entwicklerteam noch der Endkunde wissen, wie lang die Fertigstellung des Produktes dauern wird. Dabei entsteht ein weiterer Nachteil. Da die Komponenten separat voneinander entwickelt werden, könnte es passieren, dass diese beim finalen Zusammenfügen nicht kompatibel sein und müssten, falls notwendig, angepasst werden. Die Folge wäre eine Verschwendung von personellen und somit auch finanziellen Ressourcen seitens des entwickelnden Unternehmens.
Distributed computing environments allow collaborative problem solving across teams and organisations. A fundamental precondition for collaboration is the ability to find available participants and be able to exchange information. One way to approach this conceptual formulation are central directories or registry services. A major disadvantage of centralized components is, that they limit the flexibility to form ad hoc networks that are targeted to solve a specific problem. To facilitate flexible and dynamic collaborations, ideas from decentralized and self-organising networks can be combined with concepts of service oriented computing. This project aims to investigate potential solutions for dynamic discovery of network participants and outlines how to manage challenges associated with the development of a discovery protocol for distributed systems. During the course of this project a prototypical implementation was created that integrates into the open source distributed, collaborative problem solving environment RCE [9]. It is currently developed at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) but is planned to make the framework available to broader community.
BWL-Formeln für Dummies
(2012)
Sicherheit im Fährverkehr
(2012)
Wesch D, Althaus M, Miranda P, Cruz-Muros I, Fronius M, Gonzalez-Hernandez T, Clauss WG, de la Rosa DA, Giraldez T. Differential N termini in epithelial Na+ channel delta-subunit isoforms modulate channel trafficking to the membrane. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 302: C868-C879, 2012. First published December 7, 2011; doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00255.2011.-The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is a heteromultimeric ion channel that plays a key role in Na+ reabsorption across tight epithelia. The canonical ENaC is formed by three analogous subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma. A fourth ENaC subunit, named delta, is expressed in the nervous system of primates, where its role is unknown. The human delta-ENaC gene generates at least two splice isoforms, delta(1) and delta(2), differing in the N-terminal sequence. Neurons in diverse areas of the human and monkey brain differentially express either delta(1) or delta(2), with few cells coexpressing both isoforms, which suggests that they may play specific physiological roles. Here we show that heterologous expression of delta(1) in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293 cells produces higher current levels than delta(2). Patch-clamp experiments showed no differences in single channel current magnitude and open probability between isoforms. Steady-state plasma membrane abundance accounts for the dissimilarity in macroscopic current levels. Differential trafficking between isoforms is independent of beta- and gamma-subunits, PY-motif-mediated endocytosis, or the presence of additional lysine residues in delta(2)-N terminus. Analysis of delta(2)-N terminus identified two sequences that independently reduce channel abundance in the plasma membrane. The delta(1) higher abundance is consistent with an increased insertion rate into the membrane, since endocytosis rates of both isoforms are indistinguishable. Finally, we conclude that delta-ENaC undergoes dynamin-independent endocytosis as opposed to alpha beta gamma-channels.
The ability to breathe air represents a fundamental step in vertebrate evolution that was accompanied by several anatomical and physiological adaptations. The morphology of the air-blood barrier is highly conserved within air-breathing vertebrates. It is formed by three different plies, which are represented by the alveolar epithelium, the basal lamina, and the endothelial layer. Besides these conserved morphological elements, another common feature of vertebrate lungs is that they contain a certain amount of fluid that covers the alveolar epithelium. The volume and composition of the alveolar fluid is regulated by transepithelial ion transport mechanisms expressed in alveolar epithelial cells. These transport mechanisms have been reviewed extensively. Therefore, the present review focuses on the properties and functional significance of the alveolar fluid. How does the fluid enter the alveoli? What is the fate of the fluid in the alveoli? What is the function of the alveolar fluid in the lungs? The review highlights the importance of the alveolar fluid, its volume and its composition. Maintenance of the fluid volume and composition within certain limits is critical to facilitate gas exchange. We propose that the alveolar fluid is an essential element of the air-blood barrier. Therefore, it is appropriate to refer to this barrier as being formed by four plies, namely (1) the thin fluid layer covering the apical membrane of the epithelial cells, (2) the epithelial cell layer, (3) the basal membrane, and (4) the endothelial cells.