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Exposure to microgravity conditions causes cardiovascular deconditioning in astronauts during spaceflight. Until now, no specific drugs are available for countermeasure, since the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play key roles in various vascular functions, many of which are regulated by purinergic 2 (P2) receptors. However, their function in ECs and SMCs under microgravity conditions is still unclear. In this study, primary ECs and SMCs were isolated from bovine aorta and verified with specific markers. We show for the first time that the P2 receptor expression pattern is altered in ECs and SMCs after 24 h exposure to simulated microgravity using a clinostat. However, conditioned medium compensates this change in specific P2 receptors, for example, P2X7. Notably, P2 receptors such as P2X7 might be the important players during the paracrine interaction. Additionally, ECs and SMCs secreted different cytokines under simulated microgravity, leading into a pathogenic proliferation and migration. In conclusion, our data indicate P2 receptors might be important players responding to gravity changes in ECs and SMCs. Since some artificial P2 receptor ligands are applied as drugs, it is reasonable to assume that they might be promising candidates against cardiovascular deconditioning in the future.
During space missions astronauts suffer from cardiovascular deconditioning, when they are exposed to microgravity conditions. Until now, no specific drugs are available for effective countermeasures, since the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play crucial roles in a variety of cardiovascular functions, many of which are regulated via P2 receptors. However, their function in ECs and SMCs under microgravity condition is still unknown. In this study, ECs and SMCs were isolated from bovine aorta and differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), respectively. Subsequently, the cells were verified based on specific markers. An altered P2 receptor expression pattern was detected during the commitment of hMSC towards ECs and SMCs. The administration of natural and artificial P2 receptor agonists and antagonists directly affected the differentiation process. By using EC growth medium as conditioned medium, a vessel cell model was created to culture SMCs and vice versa. Within this study, we were able to show for the first time that the expression of some P2 receptors were altered in ECs and SMCs grown for 24h under simulated microgravity conditions. On the other hand, in some P2 receptor expressions such as P2X7 conditioned medium compensated this change.
In conclusion, our data show that P2 receptors play an important functional role in hMSC differentiation towards ECs and SMCs. Since some P2 receptor artificial ligands are already used as drugs for patients with cardiovascular diseases, it is reasonable to assume that in the future they might be promising candidates for treating cardiovascular deconditioning.
Structure-activity relationships of thiostrepton derivatives: implications for rational drug design
(2014)
The Project SupraMetall: Towards Commercial Fabrication of High-Temperature Superconducting Tapes
(2014)
Informatikerinnen und Informatiker aller Fachrichtungen müssen die grundlegenden Konzepte, Methoden und Verfahren, die der Entwicklung und dem Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien zugrunde liegen, verstehen und bei der Lösung von Problemen anwenden können. Das Buch stellt die algebraischen und zahlentheoretischen Grundlagen dafür vor und wendet diese bei der Lösung praktischer Problemstellungen, wie modulare Arithmetik, Primzahltests und Verschlüsselung an. Das Verständnis der Begriffe und deren Zusammenhänge und Zusammenwirken wird u.a. durch Lernziele, integrierte Übungsaufgaben mit Musterlösungen und Marginalien unterstützt. Das Buch ist zum Selbststudium gut geeignet.
Improving the study entry supports students in a decisive phase of their university education. Implementing improvements is a change process and can only be successful if the relevant stakeholders are addressed and convinced. In the described Teaching Quality Pact project evaluation data is used as a mean to discuss in the university the situation of the study programs. As these discussions were based on empirical data rather than on opinion, it was possible to achieve an open discussion about measures that are implemented. The open discussion is maintained during the project when results of the measures taken are analyzed.
Low power dissipation is a current topic in digital design, and therefore, it should be covered in a state-of-the-art electrical engineering curriculum. This paper describes how low-power design can be addressed within a digital design course. Doing so would be beneficial for both topics because low-power design is not detached from the systems perspective, and the digital design course would be enriched by references to current challenges and applications. Thus, the presented course should serve as an example of how a course can be developed to also teach students about sustainable engineering.
Das Management von Sicherheit und Gesundheit bei der Arbeit beinhaltet die Praevention psychischer Fehlbelastungen und psychischer Erkrankungen. Die gesetzliche Grundlage der Praeventionsaktivitaeten der gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung wird aufgefuehrt. Anschliessend wird verdeutlicht, in welchen Handlungsfeldern und mit welchen Instrumenten die gesetzliche Unfallversicherung die Praevention psychischer Erkrankungen in den Betrieben unterstuetzt. Als theoretischer Rahmen fuer Praeventionsmassnahmen werden das Dreiebenenmodell psychischer Belastungen (Mitarbeiter, Unternehmen, Gesellschaft) und das Dreiebenen-Interventionsmodell psychischer Erkrankungen skizziert. Die betriebliche Praevention erfolgt im Idealfall auf der Basis konkreter innerbetrieblicher Regelungen. Dies wird beispielhaft fuer den Umgang mit E-Mails und die Regelungen zur Erreichbarkeit naeher beschrieben.
Mobbing
(2014)
Stress
(2014)
Over the past two decades social protection has gained importance at the international and the national level of many low and middle income countries. Despite reforms in this sector being a global phenomenon, they differ from country to country. Traditional efforts to explain these dif- ferences focus on domestic factors. Yet it remains unclear how international influences and interdependencies contrib- ute to policy change. The study ‘International Policy Learn- ing and Policy Change’ aims at providing an answer to this question, by focusing on ‘soft governance’ via horizontal processes, meaning processes between equal actors. The studie was carried out in two parts. While in Part I the cur- rent state of the art in relevant research fields was assessed, in Part II the findings from Part I were used to conduct a survey which analyses the role of policy networks.
Nachhaltigkeit als Megatrend. Die Arbeit der Weltkommission für Umwelt und Entwicklung unter Vorsitz von Brundtland machte bereits 1987 deutlich, dass v.a. das Management von Gemeingütern wie Ozeanen und der Atmosphäre, die Erhaltung des Weltfriedens, die weltweite Bevölkerungsentwicklung, die globale Ernährungssicherheit, die begrenzten Energieressourcen sowie die Folgen des Wirtschaftswachstums globale Herausforderungen darstellen, die nur durch eine nachhaltige Entwicklung gemeistert werden können.