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Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography
(2018)
The methodology of analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS has been known for several years, but is seldom used in research laboratories and process control in the chemical industry. This is due to the relative difficulty of interpreting the identified pyrolysis products as well as the variety of them. This book contains full identification of several classes of polymers/copolymers and biopolymers that can be very helpful to the user. In addition, the practical applications can encourage analytical chemists and engineers to use the techniques explored in this volume.
The structure and the functions of various types of pyrolyzers and the results of the pyrolysis–gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric identification of synthetic polymers/copolymers and biopolymers at 700°C are described. Practical applications of these techniques are also included, detailing the analysis of microplastics, failure analysis in the automotive industry and solutions for technological problems.
Background: Local injection of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) is a well-known therapy for inflammatory diseases (IDs). While patients’ blood is incubated to generate ACS (with subsequent centrifugation), immune cells produce high amounts of growth factors and cytokines. This include, amongst others, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), interleukins 6 and 10, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). The aim of this study was to analyse exosomes release into ACS as well as their cytokine cargo.
Major progress occurred in understanding inborn errors of ketone body transport and metabolism between the International Congresses on Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Barcelona (2013) and Rio de Janeiro (2017). These conditions impair either ketogenesis (presenting as episodes of hypoketotic hypoglycemia) or ketolysis (presenting as ketoacidotic episodes); for both groups, immediate intravenous glucose administration is the most critical and (mHGGCS, HMGCS2) effective treatment measure.
The Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability in all human societies. Caused by the transcriptional silencing of a single gene, the fragile x mental retardation gene FMR1, FXS is characterized by a variety of symptoms, which range from mental disabilities to autism and epilepsy. More than 20 years ago, a first animal model was described, the Fmr1 knock-out mouse. Several other models have been developed since then, including conditional knock-out mice, knock-out rats, a zebrafish and a drosophila model. Using these model systems, various targets for potential pharmaceutical treatments have been identified and many treatments have been shown to be efficient in preclinical studies. However, all attempts to turn these findings into a therapy for patients have failed thus far. In this review, I will discuss underlying difficulties and address potential alternatives for our future research.
For the last 20 years, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in headspace (HS) mode has been used as a valuable sample preparation technique for identifying degradation products in polymers and the determination of residual monomers and other light-boiling substances in polymeric materials. For more than 10 years, our laboratory has been involved in projects focused on the application of HS-SPME-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for the characterization of polymeric materials from many branches of manufacturing and building industries. This article describes the application of this technique for identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs), additives, and degradation products in industrial rubber, car labeling reflection foil, and bone cement materials. The obtained analytical results were then used for troubleshooting and remedial action of the technological processes as well as for the health protection of producers and users.