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Composite nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of lignin and different polysaccharide (PS) derivatives were prepared. In this synergistic approach, the PS derivative acts as biocompatible matrix that forms spherical NPs while lignin is a functional compound with therapeutic potential (e.g., antioxidative, antimicrobial, antiviral). Organosolv lignin and three different PS derivatives (cellulose acetate/CA, cellulose acetate phthalate/CAPh, xylan phenyl carbonate/XPC) were used in this study. Nanocomposites with particle sizes in the range of about 200–550 nm containing both types of biopolymers are accessible by dialysis of organic PS/lignin solutions against water. In particular, XPC and CAPh, which both contain aromatic substituents, were found to be suitable for incorporation of lignin within the PS nanomatrix. The present work paves the way for future studies in which the pharmaceutical potential and biocompatibility of composite NPs of lignin and PS derivatives with tailored properties are investigated.
Healing of large bone defects requires implants or scaffolds that provide structural guidance for cell growth, differentiation, and vascularization. In the present work, an agarose-hydroxyapatite composite scaffold was developed that acts not only as a 3D matrix, but also as a release system. Hydroxyapatite (HA) was incorporated into the agarose gels in situ in various ratios by a simple procedure consisting of precipitation, cooling, washing, and drying. The resulting gels were characterized regarding composition, porosity, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. A pure phase of carbonated HA was identified in the scaffolds, which had pore sizes of up to several hundred micrometers. Mechanical testing revealed elastic moduli of up to 2.8 MPa for lyophilized composites. MTT testing on Lw35human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and osteosarcoma MG-63 cells proved the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Furthermore, scaffolds were loaded with model drug compounds for guided hMSC differentiation. Different release kinetic models were evaluated for adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and suramin, and data showed a sustained release behavior over four days.