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Messkampagnen im Projekt METPVNET zur Verbesserung der PV- Erzeugungsprognose auf Verteilnetzebene
(2018)
For the winter 1999/2000 transport of air masses out of the vortex to mid-latitudes and ozone destruction inside and outside the northern polar vortex is studied to quantify the impact of earlier winter (before March) polar ozone destruction on mid-latitude ozone.
Nearly 112 000 trajectories are started on 1 December 1999 on 6 different potential temperature levels between 500–600 K and for a subset of these trajectories photo-chemical box-model calculations are performed. We linked a decline of −0.9% of mid-latitude ozone in this layer occurring in January and February 2000 to ozone destruction inside the vortex and successive transport of these air masses to mid-latitudes.
Further, the impact of denitrification, PSC-occurrence and anthropogenic chlorine loading on future stratospheric ozone is determined by applying various scenarios. Lower stratospheric temperatures and denitrification were found to play the most important role in the future evolution of polar ozone depletion.
We examine the effect of nanometer-sized aircraft-induced aqueous sulfuric acid (H2SO4/H2O) particles on atmospheric ozone as a function of temperature. Our calculations are based on a previously derived parameterization for the regional-scale perturbations of the sulfate surface area density due to air traffic in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (NAFC) and a chemical box model. We confirm large scale model results that at temperatures T>210 K additional ozone loss -- mainly caused by hydrolysis of BrONO2 and N2O5 -- scales in proportion with the aviation-produced increase of the background aerosol surface area. However, at lower temperatures (< 210 K) we isolate two effects which efficiently reduce the aircraft-induced perturbation: (1) background particles growth due to H2O and HNO3 uptake enhance scavenging losses of aviation-produced liquid particles and (2) the Kelvin effect efficiently limits chlorine activation on the small aircraft-induced droplets by reducing the solubility of chemically reacting species. These two effects lead to a substantial reduction of heterogeneous chemistry on aircraft-induced volatile aerosols under cold conditions. In contrast we find contrail ice particles to be potentially important for heterogeneous chlorine activation and reductions in ozone levels. These features have not been taken into consideration in previous global studies of the atmospheric impact of aviation. Therefore, to parameterize them in global chemistry and transport models, we propose the following parameterisation: scale the hydrolysis reactions by the aircraft-induced surface area increase, and neglect heterogeneous chlorine reactions on liquid plume particles but not on ice contrails and aircraft induced ice clouds.
This report has been prepared by the SETAC Europe Scientific Task Group on Global And RegionaL Impact Categories (SETAC-Europe/STG-GARLIC) that is installed by the 2nd SETAC Europe working group on life cycle impact assessment (WIA-2). This document is background to a chapter written by the same authors under the title “Climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, photo-oxidant formation, acidification and eutrophication” in Udo de Haes et al. (2002). The chapter summarises the work of the STG-GARLIC and aims to give a state-of-the-art review of the best available practice(s) regarding category indicators and lists of concomitant characterisation factors for climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, photo-oxidant formation, acidification, and aquatic and terrestrial eutrophication. Backgrounds on each of the specific impact categories are given in another background report from Klöpffer and Potting (2001).
This background report provides details on a selection of general issues relevant in relation to LCA and characterisation of impact in LCA. The document starts with a short introduction of the LCA methodology and impact assessment in LCA for non LCA-experts. LCA experts, on the other hand, will usually not be familiar in-depth with scientific and political backgrounds of the specific impact categories. A review of this is given. Also the discussion is provided about the issue of the position of the category indicator in the causality chain, and into the related issue of spatial differentiation. These two issues appeared to be one of the core items for SETAC-Europe/STG-GARLIC.