Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften und Kommunikation
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- Fachbereich Ingenieurwissenschaften und Kommunikation (65)
- Institut für Technik, Ressourcenschonung und Energieeffizienz (TREE) (36)
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- 2021 (65) (remove)
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Sie sind im Bereich Qualitätsmanagement tätig und haben die Aufgabe bekommen, ein Problem systematisch zu untersuchen und methodisch zu lösen? Sie haben zu viele Aufgaben und wissen nicht, wie Sie diese priorisieren sollen? Oder haben Sie zu begrenzte Ressourcen, um alle Reklamationen gleichzeitig bearbeiten zu können? Oder wissen nicht, wie Sie einen bestimmten Prozess in seinen Grenzen zielführend verbessern können?
Animal models are often needed in cancer research but some research questions may be answered with other models, e.g., 3D replicas of patient-specific data, as these mirror the anatomy in more detail. We, therefore, developed a simple eight-step process to fabricate a 3D replica from computer tomography (CT) data using solely open access software and described the method in detail. For evaluation, we performed experiments regarding endoscopic tumor treatment with magnetic nanoparticles by magnetic hyperthermia and local drug release. For this, the magnetic nanoparticles need to be accumulated at the tumor site via a magnetic field trap. Using the developed eight-step process, we printed a replica of a locally advanced pancreatic cancer and used it to find the best position for the magnetic field trap. In addition, we described a method to hold these magnetic field traps stably in place. The results are highly important for the development of endoscopic tumor treatment with magnetic nanoparticles as the handling and the stable positioning of the magnetic field trap at the stomach wall in close proximity to the pancreatic tumor could be defined and practiced. Finally, the detailed description of the workflow and use of open access software allows for a wide range of possible uses.
Ablaufdiagramm
(2021)
In diesem Video werden Aufbau, Funktion und Nutzen eines Ablaufdiagrammes als Grundwerkzeug des Qualitätsmanagements gezeigt. Diese bilden die Grundlage für die Visualisierung der definierten und einzuhaltenden Reihenfolge eines Ablaufes für Algorithmen, Programme, Prozesse, Verfahren oder Projekte.
Solving transport network problems can be complicated by non-linear effects. In the particular case of gas transport networks, the most complex non-linear elements are compressors and their drives. They are described by a system of equations, composed of a piecewise linear ‘free’ model for the control logic and a non-linear ‘advanced’ model for calibrated characteristics of the compressor. For all element equations, certain stability criteria must be fulfilled, providing the absence of folds in associated system mapping. In this paper, we consider a transformation (warping) of a system from the space of calibration parameters to the space of transport variables, satisfying these criteria. The algorithm drastically improves stability of the network solver. Numerous tests on realistic networks show that nearly 100% convergence rate of the solver is achieved with this approach.
The clear-sky radiative effect of aerosol-radiation interactions is of relevance for our understanding of the climate system. The influence of aerosol on the surface energy budget is of high interest for the renewable energy sector. In this study, the radiative effect is investigated in particular with respect to seasonal and regional variations for the region of Germany and the year 2015 at the surface and top of atmosphere using two complementary approaches.
First, an ensemble of clear-sky models which explicitly consider aerosols is utilized to retrieve the aerosol optical depth and the surface direct radiative effect of aerosols by means of a clear sky fitting technique. For this, short-wave broadband irradiance measurements in the absence of clouds are used as a basis. A clear sky detection algorithm is used to identify cloud free observations. Considered are measurements of the shortwave broadband global and diffuse horizontal irradiance with shaded and unshaded pyranometers at 25 stations across Germany within the observational network of the German Weather Service (DWD). Clear sky models used are MMAC, MRMv6.1, METSTAT, ESRA, Heliosat-1, CEM and the simplified Solis model. The definition of aerosol and atmospheric characteristics of the models are examined in detail for their suitability for this approach.
Second, the radiative effect is estimated using explicit radiative transfer simulations with inputs on the meteorological state of the atmosphere, trace-gases and aerosol from CAMS reanalysis. The aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth, Ångström exponent, single scattering albedo and assymetrie parameter) are first evaluated with AERONET direct sun and inversion products. The largest inconsistency is found for the aerosol absorption, which is overestimated by about 0.03 or about 30 % by the CAMS reanalysis. Compared to the DWD observational network, the simulated global, direct and diffuse irradiances show reasonable agreement within the measurement uncertainty. The radiative kernel method is used to estimate the resulting uncertainty and bias of the simulated direct radiative effect. The uncertainty is estimated to −1.5 ± 7.7 and 0.6 ± 3.5 W m−2 at the surface and top of atmosphere, respectively, while the annual-mean biases at the surface, top of atmosphere and total atmosphere are −10.6, −6.5 and 4.1 W m−2, respectively.
The retrieval of the aerosol radiative effect with the clear sky models shows a high level of agreement with the radiative transfer simulations, with an RMSE of 5.8 W m−2 and a correlation of 0.75. The annual mean of the REari at the surface for the 25 DWD stations shows a value of −12.8 ± 5 W m−2 as average over the clear sky models, compared to −11 W m−2 from the radiative transfer simulations. Since all models assume a fixed aerosol characterisation, the annual cycle of the aerosol radiation effect cannot be reproduced. Out of this set of clear sky models, the largest level of agreement is shown by the ESRA and MRMv6.1 models.
Atomic oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere measured by terahertz heterodyne spectroscopy
(2021)
Atomic oxygen is a main component of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The photochemistry and the energy balance of the MLT are governed by atomic oxygen. In addition, it is a tracer for dynamical motions in the MLT. It is difficult to measure with remote sensing techniques. Concentrations can be inferred indirectly from the oxygen air glow or from observations of OH, which is involved in photochemical processes related to atomic oxygen. Such measurements have been performed with several satellite instruments such as SCIAMACHY, SABER, WINDII and OSIRIS. However, the methods are indirect and rely on photochemical models and assumptions such as quenching rates, radiative lifetimes, and reaction coefficients. The results are not always in agreement, particularly when obtained with different instruments.
Die nationale Politik- und Forschungsstrategie Bioökonomie sieht eine Transformation der Wirtschaft vor, bei der die Verwendung fossiler Rohstoffe zunehmend durch den Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe ersetzt wird. Der Einsatz biobasierter Kunststoffe soll dabei gefördert werden. Erste Analysen der Berichterstattung zu Biokunststoffen im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie ergaben, dass der Grundgedanke biologisch abbaubarer Kunststoffe breite Zustimmung im öffentlichen Diskurs erfährt. Abseits der soziopolitischen Diskursebene entwickelt sich jedoch eine medial geführte Diskussion um erhebliche Probleme mit den Stoffen in der Abfallwirtschaft. Die Gefahr besteht nun, dass diese Haltung verbreitet durch die Massenmedien auf die öffentliche Meinung abfärbt. Mangelnde öffentliche Akzeptanz könnte den Erfolg von innovativen Biokunststoff-Produkten gefährden.
Introduction: Chronic pain is a frequent severe disease and often associated with anxiety, depression, insomnia, disability, and reduced quality of life. This maladaptive condition is further characterized by sensory loss, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. Blue light has been hypothesized to modulate sensory neurons and thereby influence nociception.
Objectives: Here, we compared the effects of blue light vs red light and thermal control on pain sensation in a human experimental pain model.
Methods: Pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia were induced in 30 healthy volunteers through high-density transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Subsequently, blue light, red light, or thermal control treatment was applied in a cross-over design. The nonvisual effects of the respective light treatments were examined using a well-established quantitative sensory testing protocol. Somatosensory parameters as well as pain intensity and quality were scored.
Results: Blue light substantially reduced spontaneous pain as assessed by numeric rating scale pain scoring. Similarly, pain quality was significantly altered as assessed by the German counterpart of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Furthermore, blue light showed antihyperalgesic, antiallodynic, and antihypesthesic effects in contrast to red light or thermal control treatment.
Conclusion: Blue-light phototherapy ameliorates pain intensity and quality in a human experimental pain model and reveals antihyperalgesic, antiallodynic, and antihypesthesic effects. Therefore, blue-light phototherapy may be a novel approach to treat pain in multiple conditions.
Brainstorming
(2021)
Off-lattice Boltzmann methods increase the flexibility and applicability of lattice Boltzmann methods by decoupling the discretizations of time, space, and particle velocities. However, the velocity sets that are mostly used in off-lattice Boltzmann simulations were originally tailored to on-lattice Boltzmann methods. In this contribution, we show how the accuracy and efficiency of weakly and fully compressible semi-Lagrangian off-lattice Boltzmann simulations is increased by velocity sets derived from cubature rules, i.e. multivariate quadratures, which have not been produced by the Gauss-product rule. In particular, simulations of 2D shock-vortex interactions indicate that the cubature-derived degree-nine D2Q19 velocity set is capable to replace the Gauss-product rule-derived D2Q25. Likewise, the degree-five velocity sets D3Q13 and D3Q21, as well as a degree-seven D3V27 velocity set were successfully tested for 3D Taylor-Green vortex flows to challenge and surpass the quality of the customary D3Q27 velocity set. In compressible 3D Taylor-Green vortex flows with Mach numbers Ma={0.5;1.0;1.5;2.0} on-lattice simulations with velocity sets D3Q103 and D3V107 showed only limited stability, while the off-lattice degree-nine D3Q45 velocity set accurately reproduced the kinetic energy provided by literature.
Off-lattice Boltzmann methods increase the flexibility and applicability of lattice Boltzmann methods by decoupling the discretizations of time, space, and particle velocities. However, the velocity sets that are mostly used in off-lattice Boltzmann simulations were originally tailored to on-lattice Boltzmann methods. In this contribution, we show how the accuracy and efficiency of weakly and fully compressible semi-Lagrangian off-lattice Boltzmann simulations is increased by velocity sets derived from cubature rules, i.e. multivariate quadratures, which have not been produced by the Gauß-product rule. In particular, simulations of 2D shock-vortex interactions indicate that the cubature-derived degree-nine D2Q19 velocity set is capable to replace the Gauß-product rule-derived D2Q25. Likewise, the degree-five velocity sets D3Q13 and D3Q21, as well as a degree-seven D3V27 velocity set were successfully tested for 3D Taylor–Green vortex flows to challenge and surpass the quality of the customary D3Q27 velocity set. In compressible 3D Taylor–Green vortex flows with Mach numbers on-lattice simulations with velocity sets D3Q103 and D3V107 showed only limited stability, while the off-lattice degree-nine D3Q45 velocity set accurately reproduced the kinetic energy provided by literature.
Datensammelblatt
(2021)
Ghana suffers from frequent power outages, which can be compensated by off-grid energy solutions. Photovoltaic-hybrid systems become more and more important for rural electrification due to their potential to offer a clean and cost-effective energy supply. However, uncertainties related to the prediction of electrical loads and solar irradiance result in inefficient system control and can lead to an unstable electricity supply, which is vital for the high reliability required for applications within the health sector. Model predictive control (MPC) algorithms present a viable option to tackle those uncertainties compared to rule-based methods, but strongly rely on the quality of the forecasts. This study tests and evaluates (a) a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) algorithm, (b) an incremental linear regression (ILR) algorithm, (c) a long short-term memory (LSTM) model, and (d) a customized statistical approach for electrical load forecasting on real load data of a Ghanaian health facility, considering initially limited knowledge of load and pattern changes through the implementation of incremental learning. The correlation of the electrical load with exogenous variables was determined to map out possible enhancements within the algorithms. Results show that all algorithms show high accuracies with a median normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) <0.1 and differing robustness towards load-shifting events, gradients, and noise. While the SARIMA algorithm and the linear regression model show extreme error outliers of nRMSE >1, methods via the LSTM model and the customized statistical approaches perform better with a median nRMSE of 0.061 and stable error distribution with a maximum nRMSE of <0.255. The conclusion of this study is a favoring towards the LSTM model and the statistical approach, with regard to MPC applications within photovoltaic-hybrid system solutions in the Ghanaian health sector.
Design of a Medium Voltage Generator with DC-Cascade for High Power Wind Energy Conversion Systems
(2021)
This paper shows a new concept to generate medium voltage (MV) in wind power application to avoid an additional transformer. Therefore, the generator must be redesigned with additional constraints and a new topology for the power rectifier system by using multiple low voltage (LV) power rectifiers connected in series and parallel to increase the DC output voltage. The combination of parallel and series connection of rectifiers is further introduced as DC-cascade. With the resulting DC-cascade, medium output voltage is achieved with low voltage rectifiers and without a bulky transformer. This approach to form a DC-cascade reduces the effort required to achieve medium DC voltage with a simple rectifier system. In this context, a suitable DC-cascade control was presented and verified with a laboratory test setup. A gearless synchronous generator, which is highly segmented so that each segment can be connected to its own power rectifier, is investigated. Due to the mixed AC and DC voltage given by the DC-cascade structure, it becomes more demanding to the design of the generator insulation, which influences the copper fill factor and the design of the cooling system. A design strategy for the overall generator design is carried out considering the new boundary conditions.
Die digitale Universität
(2021)
Die digitale Universität muss als eine Form des Erscheinens ihrer Mitglieder in spezifischen Räumen und Handlungen verstanden werden. Die Verhandlung ihrer Bedingungen ist von brennender Aktualität: Das Feuer, das die Idee der digitalen Universität entfacht, hat das Potential, die apriorische Ebene von Universität zu verabschieden und ihre neue Setzung zu veranlassen.
Die Transformationen der Wissenschaft, ihrer Systeme und Ordnungen fokussiert sich meist auf eine Politik des Digitalen beziehungsweise eine Politik der Digitalität. Durch die jüngsten Ereignisse, die auch die Universität in eine Krisen- und Ausnahmesituation bringen, gewinnt dieser Aspekt eine besondere Brisanz. Die unumgängliche Entwicklung neuer Lehr- und Forschungsformate führt zu einem grundlegenden Strukturwandel der Universität. Diese Frage von philosophischer oder universitätstheoretischer Brisanz, muss ein ernsthaftes Nachdenken über die Idee der digitalen Universität anstoßen. Digitalität und Universität können nicht länger als voneinander getrennte und unveränderliche Begriffe und Phänomene aufgefasst werden, denn sie sind in ihrer Kombination intrinsisch miteinander verbunden. (Verlagsangaben)
Der Einsatz von Remote-Laboren in ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Studiengängen ermöglicht Studierenden an einigen Hochschulen die ortsunabhängige Nutzung von Laboren, Maschinen und Robotern. Remote-Labore eignen sich in besonderer Weise dafür, den digitalisierungsbedingten Anforderungen und dem Qualifikationsbedarf aus Wirtschaft und Industrie zu begegnen. Die Onlinebedienung von Laboren bietet viele Ansatzpunkte für den Erwerb digitaler Kompetenzen, wie beispielsweise das Sammeln und Analysieren von Big Data, das Entwickeln geeigneter Schnittstellen für den Onlinezugriff oder den korrekten Einsatz zur Verfügung stehender softwarebasierter Messtechnik. Auch während der Coronapandemie im Sommersemester 2020, als der reguläre Zugang zu Laboren aufgrund der Kontaktbeschränkungen nicht erlaubt war, ermöglichten Remote-Labore den Studierenden praktische Erfahrungen. Jedoch stellen nicht nur die didaktischen, sondern auch die technischen und organisatorischen Aspekte ingenieurwissenschaftliche Studiengänge bei der Umsetzung von Remote-Laboren vor anspruchsvolle Aufgaben. Der nachfolgende Beitrag greift diese Aspekte auf und beschreibt anhand ausgewählter Beispiele, wie die Umsetzung und Integration von Remote-Laboren in Studium und Lehre gelingen kann, aber auch welche Herausforderungen nach wie vor bestehen.
Die Kunst, Kunst zu zeigen
(2021)
Digitale Medienkompetenz
(2021)