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Keywords
The transport sector is a major source of air pollution and thus a major contributor to the changing climate. As a result, in the recent past, driving bans have been imposed on cars with critical pollutant groups. As an international UN campus and self-proclaimed climate capital, the Federal City of Bonn declared a climate emergency in 2019 and participated in a federally funded “Lead City” project to optimise air quality. A key goal of the project is to reduce private motorised transport and strengthen public transport. Among the implemented measures, a “climate ticket” was introduced in 2019 whereby consumers could purchase an annual 365 € ticket for all local public transport. This paper reports on an analysis of that ticket’s changes in travel behavior.
A quantitative survey (n = 1,315) of the climate ticket users as well as the multiple regressions confirm that the climate ticket attracted more customers to the buses and trams and that a modal shift for the period of the measure was recognisable. The multiple regressions showed that the ticket was perceived significantly more positively by full-time employed users than by unemployed people. The results also show that, in addition to the price, it is essential that travel time and reliability are ensured. Furthermore, the eligible groups of people, the area of coverage, and good connecting services should be extended. To sustainably improve air quality, this type of mobility service must be optimised and introduced on a permanent basis.
While humans can effortlessly pick a view from multiple streams, automatically choosing the best view is a challenge. Choosing the best view from multi-camera streams poses a problem regarding which objective metrics should be considered. Existing works on view selection lack consensus about which metrics should be considered to select the best view. The literature on view selection describes diverse possible metrics. And strategies such as information-theoretic, instructional design, or aesthetics-motivated fail to incorporate all approaches. In this work, we postulate a strategy incorporating information-theoretic and instructional design-based objective metrics to select the best view from a set of views. Traditionally, information-theoretic measures have been used to find the goodness of a view, such as in 3D rendering. We adapted a similar measure known as the viewpoint entropy for real-world 2D images. Additionally, we incorporated similarity penalization to get a more accurate measure of the entropy of a view, which is one of the metrics for the best view selection. Since the choice of the best view is domain-dependent, we chose demonstration-based training scenarios as our use case. The limitation of our chosen scenarios is that they do not include collaborative training and solely feature a single trainer. To incorporate instructional design considerations, we included the trainer’s body pose, face, face when instructing, and hands visibility as metrics. To incorporate domain knowledge we included predetermined regions’ visibility as another metric. All of those metrics are taken into account to produce a parameterized view recommendation approach for demonstration-based training. An online study using recorded multi-camera video streams from a simulation environment was used to validate those metrics. Furthermore, the responses from the online study were used to optimize the view recommendation performance with a normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG) value of 0.912, which shows good performance with respect to matching user choices.
Projekte des maschinellen Lernens (ML), insbesondere im Bereich der Zeitreihenanalyse, gewinnen heute zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Bereitstellung solcher Projekte in einer Produktionsumgebung mit dem gleichen Automatisierungsgrad wie bei klassischen Softwareprojekten ist ein komplexes Unterfangen. Die Umsetzung in Produktionsumgebungen erfordert neben klassischen DevOps auch Machine Learning Operation (MLOps) Technologien und Werkzeuge. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über verfügbare MLOps Tools zu bieten und einen spezifischen Techstack für Zeitreihen ML Projekte zu entwickeln. Es werden aktuelle Trends und Werkzeuge im Bereich MLOps durch eine multivokale Literaturrecherche (MLR) untersucht und analysiert. Die Studie identifiziert passende MLOps Werkzeuge und Methoden für die Zeitreihenanalyse und präsentiert eine spezifische Implementierung einer MLOps Pipeline für die Aktienkursprognose des S&P 500. MLOps und DevOps Tools nehmen eine essenzielle Rolle bei der effektiven Konstruktion und Verwaltung von ML Pipelines ein. Bei der Auswahl geeigneter Werkzeuge ist stets eine spezifische Anpassung an die jeweiligen Projektanforderungen erforderlich. Die Bereitstellung einer detaillierten Darstellung der aktuellen MLOps Tool Landschaft erweist sich hierbei als wertvolle Ressource, die es Entwicklern ermöglicht, die Effizienz und Effektivität ihrer ML Projekte zu optimieren.
Green infrastructure has been widely recognized for the benefits to human health and biodiversity conservation. However, knowledge of the qualities and requirements of such spaces and structures for the effective delivery of the range of ecosystem services expected is still limited, as well as the identification of trade-offs between services. In this study, we apply the One Health approach in the context of green spaces to investigate how urban park characteristics affect human mental health and wildlife support outcomes and identify synergies and trade-offs between these dimensions. Here we show that perceived restorativeness of park users varies significantly across sites and is mainly affected by safety and naturalness perceptions. In turn, these perceptions are driven by objective indicators of quality, such as maintenance of facilities and vegetation structure, and subjective estimations of biodiversity levels. The presence of water bodies benefited both mental health and wildlife. However, high tree canopy coverage provided greater restoration potential whereas a certain level of habitat heterogeneity was important to support a wider range of bird species requirements. To reconcile human and wildlife needs in green spaces, cities should strategically implement a heterogeneous green infrastructure network that considers trade-offs and maximizes synergies between these dimensions.
Ukraine
(2024)
In addition to the long-term goal of mitigating climate change, the current geopolitical upheavals heighten the urgency to transform Europe's energy system. This involves expanding renewable energies while managing intermittent electricity generation. Hydrogen is a promising solution to balance generation and demand, simultaneously decarbonizing complex applications. To model the energy system's transformation, the project TransHyDE-Sys, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, takes an integrated approach beyond traditional energy system analysis, incorporating a diverse range of more detailed methods and tools. Herein, TransHyDE-Sys is situated within the recent policy discussion. It addresses the requirements for energy system modeling to gain insights into transforming the European hydrogen and energy infrastructure. It identifies knowledge gaps in the existing literature on hydrogen infrastructure-oriented energy system modeling and presents the research approach of TransHyDE-Sys. TransHyDE-Sys analyzes the development of hydrogen and energy infrastructures from “the system” and “the stakeholder” perspectives. The integrated modeling landscape captures temporal and spatial interactions among hydrogen, electricity, and natural gas infrastructure, providing comprehensive insights for systemic infrastructure planning. This allows a more accurate representation of the energy system's dynamics and aids in decision-making for achieving sustainable and efficient hydrogen network development integration.
Sexuelle Belästigung am Arbeitsplatz ist ein tiefgreifendes Thema, welches den (Arbeits-)Alltag vieler Menschen massiv beeinträchtigt. Trotz vieler Studien und der juristischen Grundlage, die die Relevanz der Thematik hervorheben, findet es in Unternehmen und im öffentlichen Diskurs noch zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit. In der vorliegenden Studie wird deshalb untersucht, inwiefern das Allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz (AGG) Anwendung in der Praxis findet und was konkrete Verbesserungspotenziale von Unternehmen hinsichtlich des Umgangs mit sexueller Belästigung sind. Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Untersuchung werden Expert*inneninterviews geführt, die anschließend nach der Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring, in Form einer Zusammenfassung, ausgewertet werden. Der Themenschwerpunkt wird hierbei auf die subjektiven Erfahrungen der Befragten gelegt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit unterstreichen, dass es sich bei sexueller Belästigung nach wie vor um ein Tabuthema handelt, obwohl es nachweislich sowohl auf die Beschäftigten als auch auf das Unternehmen negative Auswirkungen hat. Da das AGG in den wenigsten Unternehmen Anwendung findet, wird es von einem Großteil der Arbeitnehmenden nicht als Schutz vor sexueller Belästigung wahrgenommen. Maßnahmen, die existieren sind entweder dysfunktional oder werden nicht ausreichend bekannt gemacht. Die Auswertung zeigt vor allem, dass Unternehmen in Zukunft ein Unternehmensklima etablieren müssen, in dem eine Nulltoleranz-Haltung gegenüber Diskriminierung herrscht. Ganzheitliche Präventions- und Interventionskonzepte sollten unter anderem die Schaffung von transparenten Anlaufstellen, klare Richtlinien und Konzepte zur präventiven Aufklärungsarbeit enthalten. Hierbei sollten vor allem marginalisierte Gruppen berücksichtigt werden. Wenn Unternehmen ihre im AGG festgehaltenen Pflichten in Zukunft wahrnehmen und entsprechende Maßnahmen ergreifen, kann eine Enttabuisierung des Themas angestoßen werden. Neben der Stärkung der Betroffenen, kann dies letztendlich zu einem Rückgang der Übergriffe führen.
Farming communities confronted with climate change adopt formal and informal adaptation strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change. While the environmental and social effects of climate change are well documented, there is still a dearth of literature on girl-child marriage (formal marriage or informal union between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child) as a response to the effects of climate change. In this research, we ask if girl-child marriage is promoted as a social protection mechanism first, rather than as simply a response to climate-induced poverty. We use qualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to explore this question in a rural farming community in Northern Ghana. Our findings reveal that climate change shocks result in poverty and compel farmers to marry off their young daughters. The unmarried girl-child is perceived as an ‘extra mouth to feed’, a liability whose marriage becomes a strategy for protecting the family, the family’s reputation, and the girl child. The emphasis in girl-child marriage is not on the girl-child as an individual but on the family as a group. Hence, what is good for the family is assumed to be in the best interest of the girl-child. We place our analysis at the intersection of climate change, social protection, and the incidence of girl-child marriages. We argue that understanding this link is crucial and can contribute significantly to our knowledge of girl-child marriage as well as our ability to address this in Sub-Saharan Africa.