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Channels of distribution are important factors in the connection between goods and services produced for the final consumer and, therefore, determine the effectiveness with which they are delivered and ultimately availed to the final consumers. Globally, studies show that channels of distribution and sales play an essential role in building bonds between manufacturers, retailers, wholesalers and their consumers. The main purpose of this study is to examine the influence of distribution channels and networks on customer choice of fast-moving consumer goods (FCMG) in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The study adopted a quantitative approach and questionnaires were used to collect primary data from 110 customers of Unilever Ghana Limited in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The findings reveal that product-related factors, such as the price of products, perishability of products, size and weight of products, promote the effective distribution of Unilever goods and services, whilst consumer-related factors, such as the number of customers and increased consumer base, promote effective distribution channels. The study also established a positive influence of factors, such as incentives, receiving feedback and sales performance, on customer choice of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). Managers and producers in the FMCGs industry should implement reward and incentive programmes and policies to boost the sale and distribution of fast-moving consumer goods and services in the retail industry in Ghana.
This paper presents an overview on and reports on early experiences of the European ACTS project AC089 called „Distributed Video Production (DVP)“ which started in late 1995. Central to DVP are distributed pilot applications for professional digital video production over ATM broadband networks (LAN and WAN). Distributed video production refers to situations where the cameras, recorders, switches, mixers and other equipment used in video production (or post-production) are located at several sites linked by high bandwidth network connections. The DVP project investigates requirements of broadcasters for several forms of distributed video production and runs a series of trials of distributed virtual studios, distributed rehearsals and remote video editing and retrieval. Together with North American partners a transatlantic broadband ATM link will be tested for distributed virtual reality simulations. This paper reports about two initial tests with a German public broadcaster and the German Telekom. DVP project partners are GMD and about 20 broadcasters, computer and video equipment manufacturers, and video production companies. More information can be obtained from http://viswiz.gmd.de/DVP
The encoding of solutions in black-box optimization is a delicate, handcrafted balance between expressiveness and domain knowledge between exploring a wide variety of solutions, and ensuring that those solutions are useful. Our main insight is that this process can be automated by generating a dataset of high-performing solutions with a quality diversity algorithm (here, MAP-Elites), then learning a representation with a generative model (here, a Varia-tional Autoencoder) from that dataset. Our second insight is that this representation can be used to scale quality diversity optimization to higher dimensions-but only if we carefully mix solutions generated with the learned representation and those generated with traditional variation operators. We demonstrate these capabilities by learning an low-dimensional encoding for the inverse kinemat-ics of a thousand joint planar arm. The results show that learned representations make it possible to solve high-dimensional problems with orders of magnitude fewer evaluations than the standard MAP-Elites, and that, once solved, the produced encoding can be used for rapid optimization of novel, but similar, tasks. The presented techniques not only scale up quality diversity algorithms to high dimensions, but show that black-box optimization encodings can be automatically learned, rather than hand designed.
The small and remote households in Northern regions demand thermal energy rather than electricity. Wind turbine in such places can be used to convert wind energy into thermal energy directly using a heat generator based on the principle of the Joule machine. The heat generator driven by a wind turbine can reduce the cost of energy for heating system. However the optimal performance of the system depends on the torque-speed characteristics of the wind turbine and the heat generator. To achieve maximum efficiency of operation both characteristics should be matched. In the article the condition of optimal performance is developed and an example of the system operating at maximum efficiency is simulated.
The Render Cache [1,2] allows the interactive display of very large scenes, rendered with complex global illumination models, by decoupling camera movement from the costly scene sampling process. In this paper, the distributed execution of the individual components of the Render Cache on a PC cluster is shown to be a viable alternative to the shared memory implementation.As the processing power of an entire node can be dedicated to a single component, more advanced algorithms may be examined. Modular functional units also lead to increased flexibility, useful in research as well as industrial applications.We introduce a new strategy for view-driven scene sampling, as well as support for multiple camera viewpoints generated from the same cache. Stereo display and a CAVE multi-camera setup have been implemented.The use of the highly portable and inter-operable CORBA networking API simplifies the integration of most existing pixel-based renderers. So far, three renderers (C++ and Java) have been adapted to function within our framework.
Die digitale Transformation verändert die internationale Kooperation der Hochschulen massiv. Über die Möglichkeiten der virtuellen Mobilität hinaus entstehen neue Themenfelder, die internationale Lern- und Lehrerlebnisse mit digitaler Unterstützung verändern, ergänzen oder neu ermöglichen. Dazu sind im Bereich der Förderung der Internationalisierung (DAAD, Erasmus+, BMBF u.a.) Projekte und Förderformate entstanden, die Digitalisierung und Internationalisierung kombinieren und die neuen Themenstellungen adressieren, z.B. didaktische Formate, administrative Prozesse (auch im Kontext OZG und DSGVO), virtuelle und hybride Mobilität, internationale Projekt- und Teamformate sowie schlussendlich auch Inhalte, die internationale, interkulturelle und interdisziplinäre Kompetenzen mit digitalen Kompetenzen verbinden. Der vorgeschlagene Workshop soll entsprechende Projekte zusammenbringen und die Themen strukturieren, um einen Überblick der Entwicklungen zu schaffen und somit einen Beitrag zur Definition des Themenfelds „Digitalisierung & Internationalisierung“ zu leisten.
Die Blockchain-Technologie ist einer der großen Innovationstreiber der letzten Jahre. Mit einer zugrundeliegenden Blockchain-Technologie ist auch der Betrieb von verteilten Anwendungen, sogenannter Decentralized Applications (DApps), bereits technisch umsetzbar. Dieser Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel, Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der digitalen Verbraucherteilhabe an Blockchain-Anwendungen zu untersuchen. Hierzu enthält der Beitrag eine Einführung in die digitale Verbraucherteilhabe und die technischen Grundlagen und Eigenschaften der Blockchain-Technologie, einschließlich darauf basierender DApps. Abschließend werden technische, ethisch-organisatorische, rechtliche und sonstige Anforderungsbereiche für die Umsetzung von digitaler Verbraucherteilhabe in Blockchain-Anwendungen adressiert.
Die Globalisierung führt zu immer komplexeren, für die Einzelnen kaum nachvollziehbaren Wertschöpfungsketten in der Lebensmittelindustrie. Zugleich eröffnet die Digitalisierung neue Möglichkeiten, Informationen entlang der Kette zu sammeln, und so mehr Transparenz und Vertrauen für den Verbraucherbeziehungsweise die Verbraucherin zu schaffen. Jedoch finden Verbraucherinformations-Apps wie fTRACE bisher nur eine geringe Verbreitung. Daher haben wir in einer qualitativen Studie mit 16 Teilnehmer/-innen Bedürfnisse und Nutzungshürden von Verbraucher/-innen im Zusammenhang mit Verbraucherinformations-Apps analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass das Vertrauen in die Informationen, sowie der einfache Zugang dazu für Verbraucher/-innen zentral sind. Durch die gut sichtbare Bereitstellung der Informationen am Point-of-Sale, sowie der automatisierten Informationsversorgung z. B. mittels digitaler Kassenzettel in Kombination mit weiteren Verbraucher-Services kann die Bekanntheit und Akzeptanz von Rückverfolgbarkeitssystemen weiter gesteigert werden.
Digital transformation in Higher Education and Science is a mission-critical demand to prepare educational institutions for their future competition on the international market. In many cases, the digitization goes along with the search for and acquisition of new software. For easily exchangeable software, wrong product decisions, in the worst case, lead to calculable financial losses. However, if a planned software requires a lot of technological adjustments and is to be applied as central component of a business- and/or security-critical environment, wrong decisions during the software acquisition process might lead to hardly calculable damage. Questions arising are how to decide for a product and how many resources should be invested for the acquisition process.
We planned to apply a commercial Business Support System, which should replace the currently used in-house developed software. Our goals were the increase of our university’s level of data security, to ease the interaction between stakeholders, to eliminate media discontinuities, to improve the process management and transparency, and to reduce the execution time of automated processes. Alongside with the introduction of the electronic case file, our agenda stipulates the digitization (and automation) of administrative university processes, especially, but not limited to, the student self-service and the administrative student life cycle. Usual tools and practices, commonly applied to (simple) software acquisition, failed in our scenario.
With the case study introduced in this paper, we address all persons, involved within software acquisition processes: From our experiences, we strongly recommend to place greater value on an exhaustively completed acquisition process, than on short-termed economic advantages.
Social businesses have a great positive impact on communities and are a sustainable way to do business today and in the future. This impact can be amplified through the means of digitalization. In the past, traditional for-profit business models have been used to understand the structures of business operations. However, the underlying business model of digital social businesses has not yet been explored. This study presents a building block analysis of business models and a subsequent typology. Digital and social business models are identified via a literature review. The building block analysis encompasses an assessment of the individual business activities contained in the business models. The typology is developed from existing literature utilizing a matrix for the evaluation of digital social businesses. Additionally, five semi-structured expert interviews are conducted to inform, extend, or content the findings of this study. To this end, an inductive coding procedure is applied to the transcribed interviews for the detection of themes within the text. This study contributes to social business model research by providing a first insight into the unique building blocks of digital social business models. It also creates a typology tool based on two parameters, which enables the comparison of digital social businesses.
Bei der Datenübertragung im Internet ist es wünschenswert, daß unterschiedliche Datenpackete unterschiedlich behandelt werden können, damit für die zeitkritischen Anwendungen wie Internet-Telefonie die größere Priorität gewährleisten könnte. Erst dann kann ein Netzbetreiber seinen Kunden verschiedene Dienstqualitäten anbieten. Zwei grundsätzliche Mechanismen existieren, um dem Netzwerk solche Anforderungen mitzuteilen: explizit, indem vor der eigentlichen Datenübertragung Kotrollnachrichten ausgetauscht werden; implizit, indem jedes Datenpacket eine Kennzeichnung erhält. Der zweite, Differentiated Services(DS), Ansatz ist Thema dieses Referates. Bei DS wird jedem Packet den sogenannten DS-Codepoint (DSCP) im IP-Header zugewiesen, und dementsprechend erfährt ein Datenpaket eine bestimmte Behandlung durch einen DS-fähigen Router. Drei unterschiedliche Dienstklassen wurde bisher spezifiziert: Best-Effort entspricht dem derzeit im Internet verwendeten Mechanismus; Premium-Service entspricht einer virtuellen Mietleitung und soll eine rasche Weiterleitung von Paketen gewährleisten; Datenpakete mit Assured Forwarding Service (AFS) sollen besser behandelt werden als Best-Effort. Bei AFS wurden insgesamt drei Verlustklassen und vier Weiterleitungsklassen definiert. Es wird auch verschiedene Typ von DS-Router vorgestellt und diskutiert. Der praktische Einsatz erfolgte bisher immer in Laborumgebung (Uni Bern, Uni Karlsruhe, EPFL, Forschungszentrum NEC Research), größere Feldversuche stehen noch aus.