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The encoding of solutions in black-box optimization is a delicate, handcrafted balance between expressiveness and domain knowledge between exploring a wide variety of solutions, and ensuring that those solutions are useful. Our main insight is that this process can be automated by generating a dataset of high-performing solutions with a quality diversity algorithm (here, MAP-Elites), then learning a representation with a generative model (here, a Varia-tional Autoencoder) from that dataset. Our second insight is that this representation can be used to scale quality diversity optimization to higher dimensions-but only if we carefully mix solutions generated with the learned representation and those generated with traditional variation operators. We demonstrate these capabilities by learning an low-dimensional encoding for the inverse kinemat-ics of a thousand joint planar arm. The results show that learned representations make it possible to solve high-dimensional problems with orders of magnitude fewer evaluations than the standard MAP-Elites, and that, once solved, the produced encoding can be used for rapid optimization of novel, but similar, tasks. The presented techniques not only scale up quality diversity algorithms to high dimensions, but show that black-box optimization encodings can be automatically learned, rather than hand designed.
The globalisation and the increasing international trade have raised the number and risk of introduction of foreign species and invasive pests for years. Although native species have adapted to the native habitat over many years and generations, invasive intruders often possess characteristics that are superior to native species. Thus, and because of a lack of natural enemies, they bear the potential of decimation or complete displacement of the native species; furthermore, the introduction of pathogens or nematodes as a vector possesses a high damage potential. The available measures of the local plant protection services to combat invasive species are confined. They are limited to the felling of infested trees or plants and regular controls within the infested area. A spread of single infestations can thereby be prevented, but undetected infestations can unimpededly spread, which points out the main challenge: the detection of the species. This concerns the infestation in open land as well as the single animal on its path of introduction. Concerning the development of new adequate detection systems for invasive species, there is only little research activity going on. For other fields like detection of explosives or narcotics, the research activities date back for more than one decade and consequently there are detection systems available, which are, for example, used for explosive detection in airports. The detection principle bases on the chemistry of these substances.
Utopien der Sozialpolitik
(2020)
Können utopische Gesellschaftsentwürfe Orientierung für die Sozialpolitik geben? Der Band bejaht diese Frage. Beginnend mit einem Überblick über die vielfältigen Utopieformen und einer Auseinandersetzung mit der Kritik an utopischem Denken stehen verschiedene Realutopien im Zentrum des Bandes: Die Überlegungen unterschiedlicher Denker - von Eduard Heimann über Eric Olin Wright bis hin zu Jürgen Habermas und Harald Welzer - werden auf ihren utopischen Gehalt und ihren Charakter als Sozialgestalt im Sinne konsistenter Gesellschaftsentwürfe hin überprüft. Es werden Transformationswege für die Umsetzbarkeit der Utopien diskutiert und ihre Funktion für sozialpolitische Reformen erörtert. Dabei werden u.a. Gerechtigkeits-, Partizipations- und Nachhaltigkeitsfragen aufgeworfen sowie Bezüge zu aktuellen Protestbewegungen hergestellt. Der Band macht deutlich, dass Gesellschaftsutopien in einem relativen und realorientierten Verständnis wichtige Anregungen und Orientierungen für Reformen der Sozialpolitik bereithalten können. Utopien kommt gerade, aber nicht nur in Krisenzeiten ein erheblicher gesellschaftspolitischer Orientierungswert zu, der für die Transformation von Sozialpolitik impulsgebend sein kann. (Verlagsangaben)
2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase (beta-ketothiolase) deficiency: one disease - two pathways
(2020)
Background: 2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency (MATD; deficiency of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase T2/ “beta-ketothiolase”) is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketone body utilization and isoleucine degradation due to mutations in ACAT1.
Methods: We performed a systematic literature search for all available clinical descriptions of patients with MATD. Two hundred forty-four patients were identified and included in this analysis. Clinical course and biochemical data are presented and discussed.
Results: For 89.6% of patients at least one acute metabolic decompensation was reported. Age at first symptoms ranged from 2 days to 8 years (median 12 months). More than 82% of patients presented in the first 2 years of life, while manifestation in the neonatal period was the exception (3.4%). 77.0% (157 of 204 patients) of patients showed normal psychomotor development without neurologic abnormalities. Conclusion: This comprehensive data analysis provides a systematic overview on all cases with MATD identified in the literature. It demonstrates that MATD is a rather benign disorder with often favourable outcome, when compared with many other organic acidurias.
This paper introduces FaceHaptics, a novel haptic display based on a robot arm attached to a head-mounted virtual reality display. It provides localized, multi-directional and movable haptic cues in the form of wind, warmth, moving and single-point touch events and water spray to dedicated parts of the face not covered by the head-mounted display.The easily extensible system, however, can principally mount any type of compact haptic actuator or object. User study 1 showed that users appreciate the directional resolution of cues, and can judge wind direction well, especially when they move their head and wind direction is adjusted dynamically to compensate for head rotations. Study 2 showed that adding FaceHaptics cues to a VR walkthrough can significantly improve user experience, presence, and emotional responses.
There has been increasing interest in designing for dementia in recent years. Empirical investigation is now needed of the long-term role of caregivers in appropriating ICTs into the complex daily life of people with dementia (PwD). We present here the outcomes of a 4-month evaluation of the individual, social and institutional impact of a videogame-based training system. The everyday behavior and interactions of 52 PwD and 25 caregivers was studied qualitatively, focusing on the role played by caregivers in integrating the system into daily routines. Our results indicate that the successful appropriation of ICT for PwD depends partly on the physical, cognitive and social benefits for PwD, but especially on the added value perceived by their social care-network. We discuss the need for design in dementia to develop more socially embedded innovations that can address the social actors involved and thus contribute to practical solutions for professional and private care.
Unter dem Begriff „Additive Fertigung“ werden alle Verfahren zusammengefasst, die dazu dienen Formteile aufgrund von CAD-Daten schichtweise aufzubauen. Dabei geschieht der Aufbau stets selektiv, entsprechend der durch die CAD-Daten vorgegebenen Positionen. Während für Metalle und Kunststoffe diese Technik bereits in der industriellen Anwendung etabliert ist, befindet sie sich im Bereich der keramischen Werkstoffe noch in einer frühen Entwicklungs- bzw. Anwendungsphase. Um so wichtiger ist es, den aktuellen Stand der Technik und das Potenzial für keramische Bauteile umfassend darzustellen.
Trust is the lubricant of the sharing economy. This is true especially in peer-to-peer carsharing, in which one leaves a highly valuable good to a stranger in the hope of getting it back unscathed. Nowadays, ratings of other users are major mechanisms for establishing trust. To foster uptake of peer-to-peer carsharing, connected car technology opens new possibilities to support trust-building, e.g., by adding driving behavior statistics to users' profiles. However, collecting such data intrudes into rentees' privacy. To explore the tension between the need for trust and privacy demands, we conducted three focus group and eight individual interviews. Our results show that connected car technologies can increase trust for car owners and rentees not only before but also during and after rentals. The design of such systems must allow a differentiation between information in terms of type, the context, and the negotiability of information disclosure.
Optical gas sensors based on chiral-nematic liquid crystals (N* LCs) forming one-dimensional photonic crystals do not require electrical energy and have a considerable potential to supplement established types of sensors. A chiral-nematic phase with tunable selective reflection is induced in a nematic host LC by adding reactive chiral dopants. The selective chemical reaction between dopant and analyte is capable to vary the pitch length (the lattice constant) of the soft, self-assembled, one-dimensional photonic crystal. The progress of the ongoing chemical reaction can be observed even by naked eye because the color of the samples varies. In this work, we encapsulate the responsive N* LC in microscale polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers via coaxial electrospinning. The sensor is, thus, given a solid form and has an improved stability against nonavoidable environmental influences. The reaction behavior of encapsulated and nonencapsulated N* LC toward a gaseous analyte is compared, systematically. Making use of the encapsulation is an important step to improve the applicability.
Network aggregation
(2020)
Der bestandskräftige Bescheid eines Unfallversicherungsträgers, mit dem gegenüber einem Versicherten die Anerkennung eines Arbeitsunfalls abgelehnt worden ist, entfaltet keine Bindungswirkung gegenüber dem Krankenversicherungsträger, der die Kosten der Krankenbehandlung aus dem Unfallereignis von dem Unfallversicherungsträger erstattet bekommen möchte.
Demand forecast
(2020)
Abschlussbericht zum BMBF-Fördervorhaben Enabling Infrastructure for HPC-Applications (EI-HPC)
(2020)
This work thoroughly investigates a semi-Lagrangian lattice Boltzmann (SLLBM) solver for compressible flows. In contrast to other LBM for compressible flows, the vertices are organized in cells, and interpolation polynomials up to fourth order are used to attain the off-vertex distribution function values. Differing from the recently introduced Particles on Demand (PoD) method , the method operates in a static, non-moving reference frame. Yet the SLLBM in the present formulation grants supersonic flows and exhibits a high degree of Galilean invariance. The SLLBM solver allows for an independent time step size due to the integration along characteristics and for the use of unusual velocity sets, like the D2Q25, which is constructed by the roots of the fifth-order Hermite polynomial. The properties of the present model are shown in diverse example simulations of a two-dimensional Taylor-Green vortex, a Sod shock tube, a two-dimensional Riemann problem and a shock-vortex interaction. It is shown that the cell-based interpolation and the use of Gauss-Lobatto-Chebyshev support points allow for spatially high-order solutions and minimize the mass loss caused by the interpolation. Transformed grids in the shock-vortex interaction show the general applicability to non-uniform grids.
Quantum mechanical theories are used to search and optimized the conformations of proposed small molecule candidates for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. These candidate compounds are taken from what is reported in the news and in other pre-peer-reviewed literature (e.g. ChemRxiv, bioRxiv). The goal herein is to provided predicted structures and relative conformational stabilities for selected drug and ligand candidates, in the hopes that other research groups can make use of them for developing a treatment.
Failure prognostic builds up on constant data acquisition and processing and fault diagnosis and is an essential part of predictive maintenance of smart manufacturing systems enabling condition based maintenance, optimised use of plant equipment, improved uptime and yield and to prevent safety problems. Given known control inputs into a plant and real sensor outputs or simulated measurements, the model-based part of the proposed hybrid method provides numerical values of unknown parameter degradation functions at sampling time points by the evaluation of equations that have been derived offline from a bicausal diagnostic bond graph. These numerical values are computed concurrently to the constant monitoring of a system and are stored in a buffer of fixed length. The data-driven part of the method provides a sequence of remaining useful life estimates by repeated projection of the parameter degradation into the future based on the use of values in a sliding time window. Existing software can be used to determine the best fitting function and can account for its random parameters. The continuous parameter estimation and their projection into the future can be performed in parallel for multiple isolated simultaneous parametric faults on a multicore, multiprocessor computer.
The proposed hybrid bond graph model-based, data-driven method is verified by an offline simulation case study of a typical power electronic circuit. It can be used to implement embedded systems that enable cooperating machines in smart manufacturing to perform prognostic themselves.
Grasp verification is advantageous for autonomous manipulation robots as they provide the feedback required for higher level planning components about successful task completion. However, a major obstacle in doing grasp verification is sensor selection. In this paper, we propose a vision based grasp verification system using machine vision cameras, with the verification problem formulated as an image classification task. Machine vision cameras consist of a camera and a processing unit capable of on-board deep learning inference. The inference in these low-power hardware are done near the data source, reducing the robot's dependence on a centralized server, leading to reduced latency, and improved reliability. Machine vision cameras provide the deep learning inference capabilities using different neural accelerators. Although, it is not clear from the documentation of these cameras what is the effect of these neural accelerators on performance metrics such as latency and throughput. To systematically benchmark these machine vision cameras, we propose a parameterized model generator that generates end to end models of Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN). Using these generated models we benchmark latency and throughput of two machine vision cameras, JeVois A33 and Sipeed Maix Bit. Our experiments demonstrate that the selected machine vision camera and the deep learning models can robustly verify grasp with 97% per frame accuracy.
Explorative experiments were done to figure out differences in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of not infested trees and trees infested by Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorn beetle, ALB), a quarantine pest. Therefore, VOCs from some native insect species, Anoplophora glabripennis infested Acer, stressed Acer, healthy Acer, Populus and Salix were obtained by enrichment on adsorbents. Qualitative analysis was done by thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector (TD-GC/MS). Altogether 169 substances were identified. 11 substances occur from ALB infested or mechanically damaged trees i.e. stressed trees, but not from healthy trees. (+)-Cyclosativene, (+)-α-longipinene, copaene and caryophyllene are detectable only from ALB-infested Acer not from mechanically damaged or healthy Acer. However, these substances are also emitted by healthy Salix. 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene is among all tree samples exclusively present in the ambience of ALB-infested trees. It´s rarely detectable from native insect species’ samples.
In optimization methods that return diverse solution sets, three interpretations of diversity can be distinguished: multi-objective optimization which searches diversity in objective space, multimodal optimization which tries spreading out the solutions in genetic space, and quality diversity which performs diversity maintenance in phenotypic space. We introduce niching methods that provide more flexibility to the analysis of diversity and a simple domain to compare and provide insights about the paradigms. We show that multiobjective optimization does not always produce much diversity, quality diversity is not sensitive to genetic neutrality and creates the most diverse set of solutions, and multimodal optimization produces higher fitness solutions. An autoencoder is used to discover phenotypic features automatically, producing an even more diverse solution set. Finally, we make recommendations about when to use which approach.
AErOmAt Abschlussbericht
(2020)
Das Projekt AErOmAt hatte zum Ziel, neue Methoden zu entwickeln, um einen erheblichen Teil aerodynamischer Simulationen bei rechenaufwändigen Optimierungsdomänen einzusparen. Die Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg (H-BRS) hat auf diesem Weg einen gesellschaftlich relevanten und gleichzeitig wirtschaftlich verwertbaren Beitrag zur Energieeffizienzforschung geleistet. Das Projekt führte außerdem zu einer schnelleren Integration der neuberufenen Antragsteller in die vorhandenen Forschungsstrukturen.
This paper presents groupware to study group behavior while conducting a creative task on large, high-resolution displays. Moreover, we present the results of a between-subjects study. In the study, 12 groups with two participants each prototyped a 2D level on a 7m x 2.5m large, high-resolution display using tablet-PCs for interaction. Six groups underwent a condition where group members had equal roles and interaction possibilities. Another six groups worked in a condition where group members had different roles: level designer and 2D artist. The results revealed that in the different roles condition, the participants worked significantly more tightly and created more assets. We could also detect some shortcomings for that configuration. We discuss the gained insights regarding system configuration, groupware interfaces, and groups behavior.
Bei genauer Betrachtung heutiger Sharing Plattformen wie AirBnB, Uber, Drivy oder Fairleihen fällt auf, dass diese eines gemein haben. Als Plattformökonomien basieren sie auf mindestens zwei Nutzergruppen, Anbietern und Nachfragern für Güter oder Dienstleistungen. Ein Problem solcher zweioder mehrseitigen Märkte ist jedoch häufig, dass der Wertezuwachs, der durch die Nutzer generiert wird, nicht gleichmäßig unter der Plattform und den aktiven Nutzern verteilt wird, sondern meist ausschließlich als Gewinn an die Plattformen geht. Mit der Blockchain-Technologie könnte dieses Problem gelöst werden, indem der Informations- und Wertetransfer sicher und dezentral organisiert wird und viele Funktionen traditioneller Intermediäre dadurch obsolet werden. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über Anwendungsfelder und das Grundkonzept der Sharing Economy. Wir zeigen auf, wie sich Geschäftsmodelle und Infrastrukturen in einer Blockchain abbilden lassen, welche Potentiale eine Blockchain-basierte Infrastruktur bietet, wann diese in der Sharing Economy sinnvoll sein kann und welche Probleme dadurch gelöst werden können.
Analytische Chemie II
(2020)
Dieses Arbeitsbuch führt durch das erfolgreiche Lehrbuch Skoog/Holler/Crouch, Instrumentelle Analytik und ist vor allem für das Selbststudium konzipiert. In fünf Teilen werden die Vorlesungsinhalte der fortgeschritteneren Analytischen Chemie zusammengefasst und anhand ausgewählter Beispiele erläutert: Mit der Untersuchung von Molekülen befassen sich Massenspektrometrie und Kernresonanzspektroskopie, zudem werden zahlreiche elektroanalytische Methoden wie Potentiometrie, Coulometrie, Amperometrie und Voltammetrie behandelt. In einem Überblick über speziellere Verfahren der Analytik geht es unter anderem ebenso um den Einsatz radioaktiver Substanzen und die Nutzung verschiedener Fluoreszenzverfahren wie um Methoden der Informationsgewinnung in der zunehmend wichtigen elektrochemischen und optischen Sensortechnik sowie deren Automatisierbarkeit. Den Abschluss bildet eine Zusammenfassung verschiedener Prinzipien und Anwendungsmethoden der Statistik, die im Rahmen der Analytik schlichtweg unverzichtbar sind. Um das selbstständige Lernen zu erleichtern, wird dabei in allen Teilen des Buches immer wieder auf essenzielle Abschnitte und Abbildungen des Lehrbuches verwiesen.
Miscanthus crops possess very attractive properties such as high photosynthesis yield and carbon fixation rate. Because of these properties, it is currently considered for use in second-generation biorefineries. Here we analyze the differences in chemical composition between M. x giganteus, a commonly studied Miscanthus genotype, and M. nagara, which is relatively understudied but has useful properties such as increased frost resistance and higher stem stability. Samples of M. x giganteus (Gig35) and M. nagara (NagG10) have been separated by plant portion (leaves and stems) in order to isolate the corresponding lignins. The organosolv process was used for biomass pulping (80% ethanol solution, 170 °C, 15 bar). Biomass composition and lignin structure analysis were performed using composition analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to determine the 3D structure of the isolated lignins, monolignol ratio and most abundant linkages depending on genotype and harvesting season. SEC data showed significant differences in the molecular weight and polydispersity indices for stem versus leaf-derived lignins. Py-GC/MS and hetero-nuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR revealed different monolignol compositions for the two genotypes (Gig35, NagG10). The monolignol ratio is slightly influenced by the time of harvest: stem-derived lignins of M. nagara showed increasing H and decreasing G unit content over the studied harvesting period (December–April).
The way solutions are represented, or encoded, is usually the result of domain knowledge and experience. In this work, we combine MAP-Elites with Variational Autoencoders to learn a Data-Driven Encoding (DDE) that captures the essence of the highest-performing solutions while still able to encode a wide array of solutions. Our approach learns this data-driven encoding during optimization by balancing between exploiting the DDE to generalize the knowledge contained in the current archive of elites and exploring new representations that are not yet captured by the DDE. Learning representation during optimization allows the algorithm to solve high-dimensional problems, and provides a low-dimensional representation which can be then be re-used. We evaluate the DDE approach by evolving solutions for inverse kinematics of a planar arm (200 joint angles) and for gaits of a 6-legged robot in action space (a sequence of 60 positions for each of the 12 joints). We show that the DDE approach not only accelerates and improves optimization, but produces a powerful encoding that captures a bias for high performance while expressing a variety of solutions.
Unternehmensnachfolge
(2020)
In dieser vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der photolytische und photokatalytische Abbau von Lignin untersucht. Eine Charakterisierung des verwendeten Photoreaktors wurde mittels Kalium-Ferrioxalat-Aktinometrie durchgeführt. Zur Analyse der abgebauten Lignine wurde eine Optimierung einer bereits bestehenden Methode zur Bestimmung des Hydroxylgehaltes erarbeitet. Die Bestimmung der Hydroxylgehalte erfolgte demnach bei Raumtemperatur nach einer Acetylierungsdauer von 72 h und zeigte eine Abnahme der Hydroxylgehalte mit andauernder UV-Bestrahlung. Selbige Beobachtung konnte mit Hilfe der ATR-IR-Spektroskopie gemacht werden. Zusätzlich konnte die Bildung von Carbonsäuren und der Abbau von aromatischen Strukturen detektiert werden. Der Abbau aromatischer Strukturen konnte ebenfalls durch UV-VIS-Spektroskopie gezeigt werden. Eine Vermutung, dass es sich bei dem Abbauprozess um einen oxidativen Mechanismus handelt, konnte mit dem Abbau von Hydroxylgruppen über eine Bildung von Carbonsäuren zu Kohlenstoffdioxid bestätigt werden. Eine Freisetzung von Kohlenstoffdioxid konnte durch eine Bestimmung des IC festgestellt werden. Die Ergebnisse der Gel-Permeations-Chromatographie zusammen mit einer TOC-Analyse zeigen einen Abbau der molaren Masse des Lignins auf. Es konnten Fragmente mit einer Molmasse ähnlich der Monomere des Lignins gefunden werden. Der eingesetzte Photokatalysator wurde via Röntgenbeugung untersucht und konnte als das hoch photokatalytisch aktive P25 von Degussa identifiziert werden. Trotz des Einsatzes verschiedener Katalysatorkonzentrationen in einem Bereich von 0-0,5 g L^(-1) konnte kein Einfluss des Photokatalysators auf den Abbauprozess des Lignins beobachtet werden.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde Kraft-Lignin als Makromonomer für die Synthese von thermoplastischen Polyurethanen mit hoher molarer Masse durch acide Präzipitation aus Schwarzlauge isoliert. Die Charakterisierung des Rohstoffes bezüglich seiner Ausgangsmolmasse erfolgte mittels Gel-Permeations-Chromatographie mit Polystyren-Polymerstandard, welche sich als sehr hilfreiche Analysemethode erwies. Da das Kraft-Lignin die klassische Polyolkomponente bei der Synthese von Polyurethanen ersetzen sollte, war es notwendig, den Hydroxylgehalt des Kraft-Lignins zu bestimmen. Für diesen Zweck wurde eine bereits etablierte Prozedur zur nasschemischen Bestimmung des Hydroxylgehaltes von Polyolen für die Synthese von Polyurethanen einer Adaption unterzogen. Es wurde die Reaktionsdauer bei der Acetylierung des Kraft-Lignins variiert. Das Ergebnis war, dass die Messgenauigkeit durch eine Erhöhung der Reaktionsdauer von 1 h auf 3 h drastisch von 25,5 % auf 3,6 % reduziert werden konnte. Um abschätzen zu können, ob die erzielte Messgenauigkeit im Rahmen einer nasschemischen Prozedur mit manueller Titration liegt, wurden zusätzlich die Hydroxylgehalte von Ethandiol und Saccharose bestimmt. Diese dienten als Referenzsubstanz mit definierten und bekannten Hydroxylgehalten. Die Ermittlung der Hydroxylgehalte mit diesen Substanzen ergab für Ethandiol eine Messgenauigkeit von 2,2 % und für Saccharose eine Messgenauigkeit von 1,4 %. Eine Messgenauigkeit von 3,6 % ist in Anbetracht des Zeitaufwandes akzeptabel.
Für die Synthese von thermoplastischen Polyurethanen wurde Kraft-Lignin mit Methylendiphenyldiisocyanat in Dimethylacetamid mit Zinnoktoat als Katalysator zur Reaktion gebracht. Es wurde das NCO/OH-Verhältnis und die Reaktionsdauer variiert. Die Analyse der synthetisierten Polyurethane erfolgte mittels Ubbelohde-Kapillarviskosimetrie, Fourier-Transformations-Infrarotspektroskopie und Schmelzpunktbestimmung. Die FTIR-Spektren bestätigte eine erfolgreiche Synthese von Polyurethanen aus Kraft-Lignin und Methylendiphenyldiisocyanat und zeigte, dass die Variation des NCO/OH-Verhältnisses und der Reaktionsdauer keinerlei Einflüsse auf die chemische Grundstruktur des Polyurethans hat. Die Ubbelohde-Kapillarviskosimetrie belegte die thermoplastischen Eigenschaften des synthetisierten Polyurethans, die sich in einem thermoplastischen Nassprozess verarbeiten lassen. Sie zeigte auch die Abhängigkeit der Molmasse der synthetisierten Polyurethane von der Reaktionsdauer und vom NCO/OH-Verhältnis. So steigt die Molmasse des Polyurethans mit steigender Reaktionsdauer und sinkendem NCO/OH-Verhältnis. Letztere Beobachtung ist sogar praktisch hinsichtlich der gesundheitsgefährdenden Eigenschaft von Isocyanaten, da so der Einsatz von Isocyanaten reduziert werden kann. Um die schmelzflüssige Verarbeitbarkeit des synthetisierten Polyurethans zu untersuchen, wurden die Schmelzpunkte der Polymere bestimmt. Es konnte in einem Temperaturbereich von 25 °C-410 °C keine Aggregatzustandsänderung, sondern lediglich eine Zersetzungsreaktion beobachtet werden.