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Application systems are often advertised with features, and features are used heavily for requirements man- agement. However, often software manufacturers only have incomplete information about the features of their software. The information is distributed over different sources, such as requirements documents, issue trackers, user manuals, and code. In this paper, we research the occurrence of feature information in open source software engineering data. We report on a case study with three open source systems. We analyze what information about features can be found in issue trackers and user documentation. Furthermore, we study the abstraction levels on which the features are described, how feature information is related, and we discuss the possibility to discover such information semi-automatically. To mirror the diversity of software development contexts, we choose open source systems, which are quite different, e.g., in the rigor of issue tracker usage. The results differ accordingly. One main result is that the user documentation did not provide more accurate information than the issue tracker compared to a provided feature list. The results also give hints on how the management of feature relevant information can be supported.
Improving the study entry supports students in a decisive phase of their university education. Implementing improvements is a change process and can only be successful if the relevant stakeholders are addressed and convinced. In the described Teaching Quality Pact project evaluation data is used as a mean to discuss in the university the situation of the study programs. As these discussions were based on empirical data rather than on opinion, it was possible to achieve an open discussion about measures that are implemented. The open discussion is maintained during the project when results of the measures taken are analyzed.
Unexpected Situations in Service Robot Environment: Classification and Reasoning Using Naive Physics
(2014)
In the field of domestic service robots, recovery from faults is crucial to promote user acceptance. In this context we focus in particular on some specific faults, which arise from the interaction of a robot with its real world environment. Even a well-modelled robot may fail to perform its tasks successfully due to unexpected situations, which occur while interacting. These situations occur as deviations of properties of the objects (manipulated by the robot) from their expected values. Hence, they are experienced by the robot as external faults.
As soon as data is noisy, knowledge as it is represented in an information system becomes unreliable. Features in databases induce equivalence relations—but knowledge discovery takes the other way round: given a relation, what could be a suitable functional description? But the relations we work on are noisy again. If we expect to record data for learning a classification of objects then it can well be the real data does not create a reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation although we know it should be. The usual approach taken here is to build the closure in order to ensure desired properties. This, however, leads to overgeneralisation rather quickly.
The RoCKIn@Work Challenge
(2014)
The RoCKIn@Home Challenge
(2014)
The Project SupraMetall: Towards Commercial Fabrication of High-Temperature Superconducting Tapes
(2014)
The Learning Culture Survey: An international research project on cultural learning attitudes
(2014)
Dieses Dokument beinhaltet die englische Version des standardisierten Fragebogens für das fortlaufende, internationale Forschungvorhaben "Learning Culture Survey". Die Bereitstellung des Fragebogens in dieser Form dient lediglich der Möglichkeit zur Prüfung und zur Kenntnisnahme. Der Entsprechend dem Forschungsdesign ist der Fragebogen in seiner Onlineversion zu verwenden.
Exposure to microgravity conditions causes cardiovascular deconditioning in astronauts during spaceflight. Until now, no specific drugs are available for countermeasure, since the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play key roles in various vascular functions, many of which are regulated by purinergic 2 (P2) receptors. However, their function in ECs and SMCs under microgravity conditions is still unclear. In this study, primary ECs and SMCs were isolated from bovine aorta and verified with specific markers. We show for the first time that the P2 receptor expression pattern is altered in ECs and SMCs after 24 h exposure to simulated microgravity using a clinostat. However, conditioned medium compensates this change in specific P2 receptors, for example, P2X7. Notably, P2 receptors such as P2X7 might be the important players during the paracrine interaction. Additionally, ECs and SMCs secreted different cytokines under simulated microgravity, leading into a pathogenic proliferation and migration. In conclusion, our data indicate P2 receptors might be important players responding to gravity changes in ECs and SMCs. Since some artificial P2 receptor ligands are applied as drugs, it is reasonable to assume that they might be promising candidates against cardiovascular deconditioning in the future.
It is a euphemism to say that humans use tools. Humans possess a vast repertoire of tools they use every day. In fact, as language or bipedal locomotion, tool use is a hallmark of humans. Tool use has also been often viewed as an important step during evolution (van Schaik et al., 1999) or even as a marker of the evolution of human intelligence (Wynn, 1985). So a fundamental issue is, what are the cognitive and neural bases of human tool use? The present series of papers in this special topic represents the newest additions to that research topic.
The case for basic human needs in coaching: A neuroscientific perspective - The SCOAP Coach Theory
(2014)
Perception is one of the most important cognitive capabilities of an entity since it determines how an entity perceives its environment. The presented work focuses on providing cost efficient but realistic perceptual processes for intelligent virtual agents (IVAs) or NPCs with the goal of providing a sound information basis for the entities' decision making processes. In addition, an agent-central perception process should rovide a common interface for developers to retrieve data from the IVAs' environment. The overall process is evaluated by applying it to a scenario demonstrating its benefits. The evaluation indicates, that such a realistically simulated perception process provides a powerful instrument to enhance the (perceived) realism of an IVA's simulated behavior.
Residential and commercial buildings are responsible for about 40% of the EU’s total energy consumption. However, conscious, sustainable use of this limited resource is hampered by a lack of visibility and materiality of consumption. One of the major challenges is enabling consumers to make informed decisions about energy consumption, thereby supporting the shift to sustainable actions. With the use of Energy-Management-Systems it is possible to save up to 15%. In recent years, design approaches have greatly diversified, but with the emergence of ubiquitous- and context-aware computing, energy feedback solutions can be enriched with additional context information. In this study, we present the concept “room as a context” for eco-feedback systems. We investigate opportunities of making current state-of-the-art energy visualizations more meaningful and demonstrate which new forms of visualizations can be created with this additional information. Furthermore, we developed a prototype for android-based tablets, which includes some of the presented features to study our design concepts in the wild.
Structure-activity relationships of thiostrepton derivatives: implications for rational drug design
(2014)
This review is divided into two interconnected parts, namely a biological and a chemical one. The focus of the first part is on the biological background for constructing tissue-engineered vascular grafts to promote vascular healing. Various cell types, such as embryonic, mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells and endothelial- and smooth muscle cells will be discussed with respect to their specific markers. The in vitro and in vivo models and their potential to treat vascular diseases are also introduced. The chemical part focuses on strategies using either artificial or natural polymers for scaffold fabrication, including decellularized cardiovascular tissue. An overview will be given on scaffold fabrication including conventional methods and nanotechnologies. Special attention is given to 3D network formation via different chemical and physical cross-linking methods. In particular, electron beam treatment is introduced as a method to combine 3D network formation and surface modification. The review includes recently published scientific data and patents which have been registered within the last decade.
We investigated graphene structures grafted with fullerenes. The size of the graphene sheets ranges from 6400 to 640,000 atoms. The fullerenes (C60 and C240) are placed on top of the graphene sheets, using different impact velocities we could distinguish three types of impact. Furthermore, we investigated the changes of the vibrational properties. The modified graphene planes show additional features in the vibronic density of states.
Social cash transfers (SCTs) are considered a priority in least-developed countries, where the gap between the need for basic social protection and existing provisions is greatest. This study represents one of the first comprehensive treatments of the impact of social cash transfers in low-income sub-Saharan Africa, and the first for Zambia's oldest SCT scheme. The results, based on propensity score matching and fully efficient odds-weighted regression, and data from the Kalomo SCT pilot scheme, confirm positive SCT effects on per capita consumption expenditure. We also discover threshold effects with SCT mostly impacting food expenditure among poorer beneficiary households and non-food expenditure among wealthier beneficiaries.
SOA-Readiness of REST
(2014)
Simulation of thermal behavior during friction stir welding process for predicting residual stresses
(2014)
The title of the annual report 2013 "Shaping change: The University Addresses Society‘s Probing Challenges" reveals the great importance placed on social, economic and technological changes at the university.
This key aspect thus runs through the contents of the 90-page annual report like a common thread, without losing track of the enormous variety of research and teaching at Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University. Whether the exploration of gaps in robot safety during a European Intensive Programme, a report about the Philipines crisis region from a graduate who has worked as an organizer for Care International, or the chapter "What does change look like?" – The annual report provides the full spectrum of opportunities, activities and findings of university members.
Service Security Revisited
(2014)
In general, mathematics plays a central role in our lives because today mathematics regulates our everyday life with techniques, technologies and procedures, for example coding techniques for credit cards or the drafting of curves and surfaces for construction procedures [5]. Obviously, mathematics continues to be an important element of engineering education and it still represents a major obstacle for the students. Lacking the knowledge of several topics, changing learning behavior and inadequate overall conditions at universities for the repetition of school mathematics were mentioned to be causes for the constantly increasing gap between the initial level of mathematics at university and the prior knowledge of the first semester students [2].
The latest advances in the field of smart card technologies allow modern cards to be more than just simple security tokens. Recent developments facilitate the use of interactive components like buttons, displays or even touch-sensors within the cards body thus conquering whole new areas of application. With interactive functionalities the usability aspect becomes the most important one for designing secure and popularly accepted products. Unfortunately the usability can only be tested fully with completely integrated hence expensive smart card prototypes. This restricts application specific research, case studies of new smart card user interfaces, concerning applications and the performance of useability tests in smart card development. Rapid development and simulation of smart card interfaces and applications can help to avoid this restriction. This paper presents SCUIDtextsuperscript{Sim} a tool for rapid user-centric development of new smart card interfaces and applications based on common smartphone technology.
Robust Indoor Localization Using Optimal Fusion Filter For Sensors And Map Layout Information
(2014)
Sustainability is a key issue in current research activities and programs. In this conjunction three major functions of research have been identified: Basic research, knowledge reservoirs, and knowledge transfer. With regard to a transmission to the private sector, knowledge transfer is the most important factor. In this process, universities of applied sciences can play an important part as they typically have a long-standing experience in linking science and business in their teaching and research. Another important agent in the process of knowledge transfer are networks and clusters. Their strength lies integrating the different competencies of its partners and using them to a mutual benefit.
The International Centre for Sustainable Development (IZNE) – with a major focus on responsible business and sustainable food – takes the advantage of being part of a University of Applied Sciences (Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, BRSU), and being a member of several regional and international clusters and networks. These co-operations aim to establish and strengthen linkages between science and business, in particular by investigating research needs for business and business relevant research activities. Moreover, IZNE established and expanded regional and international co-operations of its own to get more transparency about regional and international value-added chains in the food sector and the issue of responsible business.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Relational and Algebraic Methods in Computer Science, RAMiCS 2014 held in Marienstatt, Germany, in April/May 2014. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from 37 submissions. The papers are structured in specific fields on concurrent Kleene algebras and related formalisms, reasoning about computations and programs, heterogeneous and categorical approaches, applications of relational and algebraic methods and developments related to modal logics and lattices.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away’. While it may be true that a balanced diet is a prerequisite for good health, how good is what we eat and drink every day? And is it actually possible to fulfil every customer desire with the vast array of foodstuffs on offer? BSE, dioxin in eggs, EHEC sprouts: in the light of repeated food safety crises, the issue of quality assurance as well as customer-oriented quality management has become of prime importance for the agri-food industry.
Business process infrastructures like BPMS (Business Process Management Systems) and WfMS (Workflow Management Systems) traditionally focus on the automation of processes predefined at design time. This approach is well suited for routine tasks which are processed repeatedly and which are described by a predefined control flow. In contrast, knowledge-intensive work is more goal and data-driven and less control-flow oriented. Knowledge workers need the flexibility to decide dynamically at run-time and based on current context information on the best next process step to achieve a given goal. Obviously, in most practical scenarios, these decisions are complex and cannot be anticipated and modeled completely in a predefined process model. Therefore, adaptive and dynamic process management techniques are necessary to augment the control-flow oriented part of process management (which is still a need also for knowledge workers) with flexible, context-dependent, goaloriented support.
Methylmalonic and propionic acidemia (MMA/PA) are inborn errors of metabolism characterized by accumulation of propionic acid and/or methylmalonic acid due to deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) or propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). MMA has an estimated incidence of ~ 1: 50,000 and PA of ~ 1:100'000 -150,000. Patients present either shortly after birth with acute deterioration, metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia or later at any age with a more heterogeneous clinical picture, leading to early death or to severe neurological handicap in many survivors. Mental outcome tends to be worse in PA and late complications include chronic kidney disease almost exclusively in MMA and cardiomyopathy mainly in PA. Except for vitamin B12 responsive forms of MMA the outcome remains poor despite the existence of apparently effective therapy with a low protein diet and carnitine. This may be related to under recognition and delayed diagnosis due to nonspecific clinical presentation and insufficient awareness of health care professionals because of disease rarity.
Propionic acidemia in a previously healthy adolescent with acute onset of dilated cardiomyopathy
(2014)
The Fifth International Workshop on Domain-Specific Languages and Models for Robotic Systems (DSLRob'14) was held in conjunction with the 2014 International Conference on Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots (SIMPAR 2014), October 2014 in Bergamo, Italy. The main topics of the workshop were Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) and Model-driven Software Development (MDSD) for robotics. A domain-specific language is a programming language dedicated to a particular problem domain that offers specific notations and abstractions that increase programmer productivity within that domain. Model-driven software development offers a high-level way for domain users to specify the functionality of their system at the right level of abstraction. DSLs and models have historically been used for programming complex systems. However recently they have garnered interest as a separate field of study. Robotic systems blend hardware and software in a holistic way that intrinsically raises many crosscutting concerns (concurrency, uncertainty, time constraints, ...), for which reason, traditional general-purpose languages often lead to a poor fit between the language features and the implementation requirements. DSLs and models offer a powerful, systematic way to overcome this problem, enabling the programmer to quickly and precisely implement novel software solutions to complex problems within the robotics domain.
PhD Project Management
(2014)
Current computer architectures are multi-threaded and make use of multiple CPU cores. Most garbage collections policies for the Java Virtual Machine include a stop-the-world phase, which means that all threads are suspended. A considerable portion of the execution time of Java programs is spent in these stop-the-world garbage collections. To improve this behavior, a thread-local allocation and garbage collection that only affects single threads, has been proposed. Unfortunately, only objects that are not accessible by other threads ("do not escape") are eligible for this kind of allocation. It is therefore necessary to reliably predict the escaping of objects. The work presented in this paper analyzes the escaping of objects based on the line of code (program counter – PC) the object was allocated at. The results show that on average 60-80% of the objects do not escape and can therefore be locally allocated.
Open educational resources (OERs) provide opportunities as enablers of societal development, but they also create new challenges. From the perspective of content providers and educational institutions, particularly, cultural and context-related challenges emerge. Even though barriers regarding large-scale adoption of OERs are widely discussed, empirical evidence for determining challenges in relation to particular contexts is still rare. Such context-specific barriers generally can jeopardize the acceptance of OERs and, in particular, social OER environments. We conducted a large-scale (N = 855) cross-European investigation in the school context to determine how teachers and learners perceive cultural distance as a barrier against the use of social OER environments. The findings indicate how nationality and age of the respondents are strong predictors of cultural distance barrier. The study concludes with identification of context-sensitive interventions for overcoming the related bar riers. These consequences are vital for OER initiatives and educational institutions for aligning their efforts on OER.
Open Educational Resources in the Context of School Education: Barriers and possible solutions
(2014)
Due to the increasing professional mobility of their parents, pupils often find themselves in new and unfamiliar learning scenarios in foreign contexts and countries. Besides having to leave their familiar environments, these pupils additionally may face language barriers, different curricula, and have to cope with foreign cultures. Printed textbooks, which are the most commonly used educational resources in schools, provide little support for these pupils to manage the new challenges. Teachers are the professionals designated to provide the necessary support. However, they often may not fully appreciate the pupils’ individual challenges. Possible solutions could be the provision of alternative learning contents in the pupils’ native languages and an international open exchange of knowledge and experiences amongst schoolteachers. These issues are addressed by the Open Discovery Space platform. In order to empower this platform to provide the best possible support to teachers, we explored barriers to adoption of Open Educational Practices in the context of school education and asked for manageable solutions. The investigation took place in an action research scenario. After an introduction of the ODS project, we will present the identified barriers and recommendations for solutions to overcome these, and the mechanisms which we are going to implement in the ODS platform in order to provide the best possible support to the community.
We consider the Hopfield model with n neurons and an increasing number p=p(n) of randomly chosen patterns and use Stein's method to obtain rates of convergence for the central limit theorem of overlap parameters, which holds for every fixed choice of the overlap parameter for almost all realisations of the random patterns.
On nothing
(2014)
It has become increasingly clear that caspases, far from being merely cell death effectors, have a much wider range of functions within the cell. These functions are as diverse as signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling, and caspases are now known to have an essential role in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. There is also evidence that apoptotic cells themselves can direct the behavior of nearby cells through the caspase-dependent secretion of paracrine signaling factors. In some processes, including the differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts, both caspase activation in differentiating cells as well as signaling from apoptotic cells has been reported. Here, we review the non-apoptotic outcomes of caspase activity in a range of different model systems and attempt to integrate this knowledge.
Improving data acquisition techniques and rising computational power keep producing more and larger data sets that need to be analyzed. These data sets usually do not fit into a GPU's memory. To interactively visualize such data with direct volume rendering, sophisticated techniques for problem domain decomposition, memory management and rendering have to be used. The volume renderer Volt is used to show how CUDA is efficiently utilised to manage the volume data and a GPU's memory with the aim of low opacity volume renderings of large volumes at interactive frame rates.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are matrix-degrading enzymes that are over-expressed in joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. However, the contribution of specific MMPs for the development of arthritic joints is unknown. This study is aimed at studying the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in mice, using the K/BxN serum-transfer model of RA. Arthritis was induced in Balb/c mice by injecting K/BxN serum. Development of arthritis was followed in these mice by measuring ankle thickness and clinical index score. MMP-9 expression in the joints of mice killed at various time points during the disease progression was determined by gelatin zymography using ankle lysates. We found that MMP-9 expression increased with the severity of arthritis. Importantly MMP-9 deficient mice injected with K/BxN serum showed a milder form of arthritis in comparison to the control C57BL/6 mice injected with K/BxN serum. We therefore conclude that MMP-9 promotes arthritis in mice.
Level-Synchronous Parallel Breadth-First Search Algorithms For Multicore and Multiprocessor Systems
(2014)
Breadth-First Search (BFS) is a graph traversal technique used in many applications as a building block, e.g.,~to systematically explore a search space. For modern multicore processors and as application graphs get larger, well-performing parallel algorithms are favourable. In this paper, we systematically evaluate an important class of parallel BFS algorithms and discuss programming optimization techniques for their implementation. We concentrate our discussion on level-synchronous algorithms for larger multicore and multiprocessor systems. In our results, we show that for small core counts many of these algorithms show rather similar behaviour. But, for large core counts and large graphs, there are considerable differences in performance and scalability influenced by several factors. This paper gives advice, which algorithm should be used under which circumstances.
Culture, at least to some extent, is related to particular (individual and collective) experiences. In terms of education, this means that a learner, who experienced particular services in his/her past, might perceive such services as usual for educational culture and thus, expect them to be delivered in any kind of learning scenario. In German universities, education is meant to be a full-time job and usually is designed to provide a broad basis of theoretical and methodological knowledge. Achieving methodological competences is a core goal of German academic education: Once a student leaves the university, he/she is expected to decide about appropriate methods for any kind of problem (in the field of study and beyond) and how to modify the known methods in case of need. In contrast, in professional training, the learners have to study in extra-occupational situations (time is a serious issue) and might expect training that pointedly prepares them for very specific tasks. We assumed that scenarios of professional training have their own educational cultures. When designing learning contents and learning scenarios for professional training, it might be essential for the learning success to meet the learners’ expectations and contextual peculiarities.
We found remarkable differences between the results of the investigated enterprises, but even more significant diversity between the results of the German enterprises and the priory investigated German universities. As a general conclusion we can assume that generalizing research results that were solely achieved from national university students might lead to an inappropriate design of learning scenarios for particular professional contexts. Professional training for a particular enterprise should be developed according to its specific educational culture.
Rendering techniques for design evaluation and review or for visualizing large volume data often use computationally expensive ray-based methods. Due to the number of pixels and the amount of data, these methods often do not achieve interactive frame rates. A view direction based rendering technique renders the users central field of view in high quality whereas the surrounding is rendered with a level of detail approach depending on the distance to the users central field of view thus giving the opportunity to increase rendering efficiency. We propose a prototype implementation and evaluation of a focus-based rendering technique based on a hybrid ray tracing/sparse voxel octree rendering approach.
The perceived direction of “up” is determined by gravity, visual information, and an internal estimate of body orientation (Mittelstaedt, 1983; Dyde et al., 2006). Is the gravity level found on other worlds sufficient to maintain gravity’s contribution to this perception? Difficulties in stability reported anecdotally by astronauts on the lunar surface (NASA 1972) suggest that the moon’s gravity may not be, despite this value being far above the threshold for detecting linear acceleration. Knowing how much gravity is needed to provide a reliable orientation cue is required for training and preparing astronauts for future missions to the moon, mars and beyond.
Over the past two decades social protection has gained importance at the international and the national level of many low and middle income countries. Despite reforms in this sector being a global phenomenon, they differ from country to country. Traditional efforts to explain these dif- ferences focus on domestic factors. Yet it remains unclear how international influences and interdependencies contrib- ute to policy change. The study ‘International Policy Learn- ing and Policy Change’ aims at providing an answer to this question, by focusing on ‘soft governance’ via horizontal processes, meaning processes between equal actors. The studie was carried out in two parts. While in Part I the cur- rent state of the art in relevant research fields was assessed, in Part II the findings from Part I were used to conduct a survey which analyses the role of policy networks.
The contribution of the most common reciprocal translocation in childhood B-cell precursor leukemia t(12;21)(p13;q22) to leukemia development is still under debate. Direct as well as secondary indirect effects of the TEL-AML1 fusion protein are commonly recorded by using cell lines and patient samples, often bearing the TEL-AML1 fusion protein for decades. To identify direct targets of the fusion protein a short-term induction of TEL-AML1 is needed. We here describe in detail the experimental procedure, quality controls and contents of the ChIP, mRNA expression and SILAC datasets associated with the study published by Linka and colleagues in the Blood Cancer Journal [1] utilizing a short term induction of TEL-AML1 in an inducible precursor B-cell line model.
Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with electron impact ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (PCI and NCI) were successfully used for separation and identification of commercially available longchain primary alkyl amines. The investigated compounds were used as corrosion inhibiting and antifouling agents in a water-steam circuit of energy systems in the power industry. Solidphase extraction (SPE) with octadecyl bonded silica (C18) sorbents followed by gas chromatography were used for quantification of the investigated Primene JM-T™ alkyl amines in boiler water, condensate and superheated steam samples from the power plant. Amine formulations from Kotamina group favor formation of protective layers on internal surfaces and keep them free from corrosion and scale. Alkyl amines contained in those formulations both render the environment alkaline and limit the corrosion impact of ionic and gaseous impurities by formation of protective layers. Moreover, alkyl amines limit scaling on heating surfaces of boilers and in turbine, ensuring failure-free operation. Application of alkyl amine formulation enhances heat exchange during boiling and condensation processes. Alkyl amines with branched structure are more thermally stable than linear alkyl amines, exhibit better adsorption and effectiveness of surface shielding. As a result, application of thermostable long-chain branched alkyl amines increases the efficiency of anti-corrosive protection. Moreover, the concentration of ammonia content in water and in steam was also considerably decreased.
Might the gravity levels found on other planets and on the moon be sufficient to provide an adequate perception of upright for astronauts? Can the amount of gravity required be predicted from the physiological threshold for linear acceleration? The perception of upright is determined not only by gravity but also visual information when available and assumptions about the orientation of the body. Here, we used a human centrifuge to simulate gravity levels from zero to earth gravity along the long-axis of the body and measured observers' perception of upright using the Oriented Character Recognition Test (OCHART) with and without visual cues arranged to indicate a direction of gravity that differed from the body's long axis. This procedure allowed us to assess the relative contribution of the added gravity in determining the perceptual upright. Control experiments off the centrifuge allowed us to measure the relative contributions of normal gravity, vision, and body orientation for each participant. We found that the influence of 1 g in determining the perceptual upright did not depend on whether the acceleration was created by lying on the centrifuge or by normal gravity. The 50% threshold for centrifuge-simulated gravity's ability to influence the perceptual upright was at around 0.15 g, close to the level of moon gravity but much higher than the threshold for detecting linear acceleration along the long axis of the body. This observation may partially explain the instability of moonwalkers but is good news for future missions to Mars.