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Designing consumption feedback to support sustainable behavior is an active research topic. In recent years, relevant work has suggested a variety of possible design strategies. Addressing the more recent developments in this field, this paper presents a structured literature review, providing an overview of current information design approaches and highlighting open research questions. We suggest a literature-based taxonomy of used strategies, data source and output media with a special focus on design. In particular, we analyze which visual forms are used in current research to reach the identified strategy goals. Our survey reveals that the trend is towards more complex and contextualized feedback and almost every design within sustainable HCI adopts common visualization forms. Furthermore, adopting more advanced visual forms and techniques from information visualization research is helpful when dealing with ever-increasing data sources at home. Yet so far, this combination has often been neglected in feedback design.
Lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) provides a sustainable source of components to produce bioenergy, biofuel, and novel biomaterials. Besides hard and soft wood, so-called low-input plants such as Miscanthus are interesting crops to be investigated as potential feedstock for the second generation biorefinery. The status quo regarding the availability and composition of different plants, including grasses and fast-growing trees (i.e., Miscanthus, Paulownia), is reviewed here. The second focus of this review is the potential of multivariate data processing to be used for biomass analysis and quality control. Experimental data obtained by spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), can be processed using computational techniques to characterize the 3D structure and energetic properties of the feedstock building blocks, including complex linkages. Here, we provide a brief summary of recently reported experimental data for structural analysis of LCF biomasses, and give our perspectives on the role of chemometrics in understanding and elucidating on LCF composition and lignin 3D structure.
Verschiedene intelligente Heimautomatisierungsgeräte wie Lampen, Schlösser und Thermostate verbreiten sich rasant im privaten Umfeld. Ein typisches Kommunikationsprotokoll für diese Geräteklasse ist Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). In dieser Arbeit wird eine strukturierte Sicherheitsanalyse für BLE vorgestellt. Die beschriebene Vorgehensweise kategorisiert bekannte Angriffsvektoren und beschreibt einen möglichen Aufbau für eine Analyse. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurden einige sicherheitsrelevante Probleme aufgedeckt, die es Angreifern ermöglichen die Geräte vollständig zu übernehmen. Es zeigte sich, dass im Standard vorgesehene Sicherheitsfunktionen wie Verschlüsselung und Integritätsprüfungen häufig gar nicht oder fehlerhaft implementiert sind.
Ziel: Diese Arbeit ermittelt die Einsatzszenarien der Design Thinking Methode in Informationseinrichtungen. Diesbezüglich wird der aktuelle Wandlungsprozess in Bibliotheken berücksichtig und danach gefragt, ob Divergenzen zwischen den ermittelten Handlungsfeldern und den aufgezeigten Anwendungsbeispielen bestehen. Darüber hinaus soll aufgezeigt werden, ob der Einsatz der Design Thinking Methode in Informationseinrichtungen zielführend ist. Der Gegenstand der Arbeit ist demnach die Evaluation des Methodeneinsatzes. Methode: Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Methode des Systematic Review angewandt. Diese evidenzbasierte Methode findet erst seit wenigen Jahren verstärkten Einsatz im LIS-Bereich (Library and Information Science). Deshalb führt eine kurze historische Betrachtung in die Methodik ein, gefolgt von dem Bezug zu den Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaften. Vor dem Hintergrund der Forschungsfragen werden nach vordefinierten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien die inkludierten Fachartikel ausgewertet. Die Ausführungen schließen mit der ausführlichen Recherchedokumentation. Ergebnisse: Über den Methodeneinsatz wurden zunächst 170 potenziell relevante Treffer ermittelt. Diese Treffermenge wurde in einem iterativen Suchprozess reduziert, um abschließend 30 dokumentierte Praxisanwendungen in die Auswertung aufzunehmen. Neben der Ermittlung der Einsatzszenarien wurden Abweichungen hinsichtlich der Inhalte des Innovationsportfolios aufgezeigt und diskutiert. Die Anwendungsvielfalt der Design Thinking Methode aufzuzeigen und in diesem Zusammenhang mögliche Herausforderungen aufzudecken, könnte zukünftige Entscheidungsprozesse, in Bezug auf die Methodenauswahl, evidenzbasiert unterstützen und bestenfalls motivierend wirken, der umgebenden Komplexität positiv entgegen zu blicken. Forschungsbeschränkungen: Die Auswahl der Dokumente begrenzte sich auf informationswissenschaftliche Fachartikel und Projektberichte. Die Praxisrelevanz stand im Vordergrund, und so wurde Literatur, die inhaltlich nur über die Design Thinking Methode berichtete, ausgeschlossen. Die Fachartikel wurden in englischer oder deutscher Sprache veröffentlicht und mussten ein Peer-Review-Verfahren durchlaufen haben.
Tell Your Robot What To Do: Evaluation of Natural Language Models for Robot Command Processing
(2019)
The use of natural language to indicate robot tasks is a convenient way to command robots. As a result, several models and approaches capable of understanding robot commands have been developed, which however complicates the choice of a suitable model for a given scenario. In this work, we present a comparative analysis and benchmarking of four natural language understanding models - Mbot, Rasa, LU4R, and ECG. We particularly evaluate the performance of the models to understand domestic service robot commands by recognizing the actions and any complementary information in them in three use cases: the RoboCup@Home General Purpose Service Robot (GPSR) category 1 contest, GPSR category 2, and hospital logistics in the context of the ROPOD project.
For robots acting - and failing - in everyday environments, a predictable behaviour representation is important so that it can be utilised for failure analysis, recovery, and subsequent improvement. Learning from demonstration combined with dynamic motion primitives is one commonly used technique for creating models that are easy to analyse and interpret; however, mobile manipulators complicate such models since they need the ability to synchronise arm and base motions for performing purposeful tasks. In this paper, we analyse dynamic motion primitives in the context of a mobile manipulator - a Toyota Human Support Robot (HSR)- and introduce a small extension of dynamic motion primitives that makes it possible to perform whole body motion with a mobile manipulator. We then present an extensive set of experiments in which our robot was grasping various everyday objects in a domestic environment, where a sequence of object detection, pose estimation, and manipulation was required for successfully completing the task. Our experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed whole body motion framework for everyday object manipulation, but also illustrate the necessity for highly adaptive manipulation strategies that make better use of a robot's perceptual capabilities.
When developing robot functionalities, finite state machines are commonly used due to their straightforward semantics and simple implementation. State machines are also a natural implementation choice when designing robot experiments, as they generally lead to reproducible program execution. In practice, the implementation of state machines can lead to significant code repetition and may necessitate unnecessary code interaction when reparameterisation is required. In this paper, we present a small Python library that allows state machines to be specified, configured, and dynamically created using a minimal domain-specific language. We illustrate the use of the library in three different use cases - scenario definition in the context of the RoboCup@Home competition, experiment design in the context of the ROPOD project, as well as specification transfer between robots.
This study presents a microindentation system which allows spatially resolved local as well as bulk viscoelastic material information to be obtained within one instrument. The microindentation method was merged with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) for a tungsten cone indenter. Three tungsten cone indenters were investigated: tungsten electrode, tungsten electrode + 2% lanthanum, and tungsten electrode + rare earth elements. Only the tungsten electrode + 2% lanthanum indenter showed the sinusoidal response, and its geometry remained unaffected by the repeated indentations. Complex moduli obtained from dynamic microindentation for high-density polyethylene, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and thermoplastic polyurethane are in agreement with the literature. Additionally, by implementing a specially developed x-y-stage, this study showed that dynamic microindentation with a tungsten cone indenter was an adequate method to determine spatially resolved local viscoelastic surface properties.
Humankind, it can be argued, lives beyond its means and often at the expense of future generations. This paper starkly demonstrates, with the aid of a mathematical model, the imperative for a sustainable existence. In the model, consumption of resources is represented as a closed system, just like our planet. Long-term survival is only possible if consumption is below the ability of the system to regenerate.
Der Unfallversicherungsträger kann bei der Ausgestaltung des Beitragsausgleichsverfahrens nach § 162 Abs. 1 SGB VII die dort genannten Berechnungselemente (Zahl, Schwere oder Aufwendungen der Versicherungsfälle) alternativ oder in Kombination miteinander verwenden und eine geänderte Satzungsregelung auch auf Unfälle anwenden, deren Folgen erst im Beitragsjahr die maßgeblichen Merkmale erfüllen.
Die letzten zwei Jahrzehnte wurden durch das exponentielle Wachstum der zur Verfügung stehenden Daten geprägt. Täglich produzieren Menschen und Maschinen mehr und mehr Daten, die oftmals in verteilten Datenspeichern abgelegt werden. Anwendungsgebiete lassen sich beispielsweise in der Physik und Astronomie finden, wo immense Datenmengen von Teilchenbeschleunigern oder Satelliten erzeugt werden, die gespeichert und verarbeitet werden müssen. Aus diesen Datenmengen können weder vom Menschen direkt noch durch traditionelle Analysemethoden neue Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden. Zur Verarbeitung dieser Datenmassen sind parallele sowie verteilte Datenanalyseverfahren notwendig. [MTT18,NEKH+18]
During the dawn of chemistry when the temperature of the young Universe had fallen below ∼4000 K, the ions of the light elements produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis recombined in reverse order of their ionization potential. With its higher ionization potentials, He++ (54.5 eV) and He+ (24.6 eV) combined first with free electrons to form the first neutral atom, prior to the recombination of hydrogen (13.6 eV). At that time, in this metal-free and low-density environment, neutral helium atoms formed the Universe's first molecular bond in the helium hydride ion HeH+, by radiative association with protons (He + H+ → HeH+ + hν). As recombination progressed, the destruction of HeH+ (HeH+ + H → He + H+2) created a first path to the formation of molecular hydrogen, marking the beginning of the Molecular Age. Despite its unquestioned importance for the evolution of the early Universe, the HeH+ molecule has so far escaped unequivocal detection in interstellar space. In the laboratory, the ion was discovered as long ago as 1925, but only in the late seventies was the possibility that HeH+ might exist in local astrophysical plasmas discussed. In particular, the conditions in planetary nebulae were shown to be suitable for the production of potentially detectable HeH+ column densities: the hard radiation field from the central hot white dwarf creates overlapping Strömgren spheres, where HeH+ is predicted to form, primarily by radiative association of He+ and H. With the GREAT spectrometer onboard SOFIA, the HeH+ rotational ground-state transition at λ149.1 μm is now accessible. We report here its detection towards the planetary nebula NGC7027.
Background: Virtual reality combined with spherical treadmills is used across species for studying neural circuits underlying navigation.
New Method: We developed an optical flow-based method for tracking treadmil ball motion in real-time using a single high-resolution camera.
Results: Tracking accuracy and timing were determined using calibration data. Ball tracking was performed at 500 Hz and integrated with an open source game engine for virtual reality projection. The projection was updated at 120 Hz with a latency with respect to ball motion of 30 ± 8 ms.
Comparison: with Existing Method(s) Optical flow based tracking of treadmill motion is typically achieved using optical mice. The camera-based optical flow tracking system developed here is based on off-the-shelf components and offers control over the image acquisition and processing parameters. This results in flexibility with respect to tracking conditions – such as ball surface texture, lighting conditions, or ball size – as well as camera alignment and calibration.
Conclusions: A fast system for rotational ball motion tracking suitable for virtual reality animal behavior across different scales was developed and characterized.
Unternehmensführung
(2019)
Dieses Buch führt Sie systematisch und leicht verständlich in das Thema Unternehmensführung ein. Es konzentriert sich bewusst auf die wichtigsten Fragen des Handelns als verantwortlicher Manager in der Unternehmensführung bzw. in der Bereichs- oder Abteilungsverantwortung. Dabei werden ausgewählte Probleme aus dem Management entwickelt und anschließend anhand von Praxisbeispielen erläutert.
The alternative use of travel time is one of the widely discussed benefits of driverless cars. We therefore conducted 14 co-design sessions to examine how people manage their time, to determine how they perceive the value of time in driverless cars and to derive design implications. Our findings suggest that driverless mobility will affect both people’s use of travel time as well as their time management in general. The participants repeatedly stated the desire of completing tasks while traveling to save time for activities that are normally neglected in their everyday life. Using travel time efficiently requires using car space efficiently, too. We found out that the design concept of tiny houses could serve as common design pattern to deal with the limited space within cars and support diverse needs.
We present a novel, multilayer interaction approach that enables state transitions between spatially above-screen and 2D on-screen feedback layers. This approach supports the exploration of haptic features that are hard to simulate using rigid 2D screens. We accomplish this by adding a haptic layer above the screen that can be actuated and interacted with (pressed on) while the user interacts with on-screen content using pen input. The haptic layer provides variable firmness and contour feedback, while its membrane functionality affords additional tactile cues like texture feedback. Through two user studies, we look at how users can use the layer in haptic exploration tasks, showing that users can discriminate well between different firmness levels, and can perceive object contour characteristics. Demonstrated also through an art application, the results show the potential of multilayer feedback to extend on-screen feedback with additional widget, tool and surface properties, and for user guidance.
Political Impact Management
(2019)
Neural network based object detectors are able to automatize many difficult, tedious tasks. However, they are usually slow and/or require powerful hardware. One main reason is called Batch Normalization (BN) [1], which is an important method for building these detectors. Recent studies present a potential replacement called Self-normalizing Neural Network (SNN) [2], which at its core is a special activation function named Scaled Exponential Linear Unit (SELU). This replacement seems to have most of BNs benefits while requiring less computational power. Nonetheless, it is uncertain that SELU and neural network based detectors are compatible with one another. An evaluation of SELU incorporated networks would help clarify that uncertainty. Such evaluation is performed through series of tests on different neural networks. After the evaluation, it is concluded that, while indeed faster, SELU is still not as good as BN for building complex object detector networks.
Due to increased emissions of palladium nanoparticles in recent years, it is important to develop analytical techniques to characterize these particles. The synthesis of defined and stable particles plays a key role in this process, as there are not many materials commercially available yet which could act as reference materials. Polyvinylpyrrolidone- (PVP-) stabilized palladium nanoparticles were synthesized through the reduction of palladium chloride by tetraethylene glycol (TEG) in the presence of KOH. Four different methods were used for particle size analysis of the palladium nanoparticles. Palladium suspensions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), single-particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Secondary particles between 30 nm and 130 nm were detected in great compliance with SAXS and SP-ICP-MS. SEM analysis showed that the small particulates tend to form agglomerates.
The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. The polyphenolic structure of lignin in addition to the presence of O-containing functional groups is potentially responsible for these activities. This study used DPPH assays to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. The scavenging activity (SA) of both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems was affected by the percentage of the added lignin: the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the 30% addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source showing the following trend: organosolv of softwood > kraft of softwood > organosolv of grass. Testing the antimicrobial activities of lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0-7 °C). Purification of kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin release in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity even more for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5% addition exhibited activity against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens.
In the field of domestic service robots, recovery from faults is crucial to promote user acceptance. In this context, this work focuses on some specific faults which arise from the interaction of a robot with its real world environment. Even a well-modelled robot may fail to perform its tasks successfully due to external faults which occur because of an infinite number of unforeseeable and unmodelled situations. Through investigating the most frequent failures in typical scenarios which have been observed in real-world demonstrations and competitions using the autonomous service robots Care-O-Bot III and youBot, we identified four different fault classes caused by disturbances, imperfect perception, inadequate planning operator or chaining of action sequences. This thesis then presents two approaches to handle external faults caused by insufficient knowledge about the preconditions of the planning operator. The first approach presents reasoning on detected external faults using knowledge about naive physics. The naive physics knowledge is represented by the physical properties of objects which are formalized in a logical framework. The proposed approach applies a qualitative version of physical laws to these properties in order to reason. By interpreting the reasoning results the robot identifies the information about the situations which can cause the fault. Applying this approach to simple manipulation tasks like picking and placing objects show that naive physics holds great possibilities for reasoning on unknown external faults in robotics. The second approach includes missing knowledge about the execution of an action through learning by experimentation. Firstly, it investigates such representation of execution specific knowledge that can be learned for one particular situation and reused for situations which deviate from the original. The combination of symbolic and geometric models allows us to represent action execution knowledge effectively. This representation is called action execution model (AEM) here. The approach provides a learning strategy which uses a physical simulation for generating the training data to learn both symbolic and geometric aspects of the model. The experimental analysis, performed on two physical robots, shows that AEM can reliably describe execution specific knowledge and thereby serving as a potential model for avoiding the occurrence of external faults.
Interactive Object Detection
(2019)
The success of state-of-the-art object detection methods depend heavily on the availability of a large amount of annotated image data. The raw image data available from various sources are abundant but non-annotated. Annotating image data is often costly, time-consuming or needs expert help. In this work, a new paradigm of learning called Active Learning is explored which uses user interaction to obtain annotations for a subset of the dataset. The goal of active learning is to achieve superior object detection performance with images that are annotated on demand. To realize active learning method, the trade-off between the effort to annotate (annotation cost) unlabeled data and the performance of object detection model is minimised.
Random Forests based method called Hough Forest is chosen as the object detection model and the annotation cost is calculated as the predicted false positive and false negative rate. The framework is successfully evaluated on two Computer Vision benchmark and two Carl Zeiss custom datasets. Also, an evaluation of RGB, HoG and Deep features for the task is presented.
Experimental results show that using Deep features with Hough Forest achieves the maximum performance. By employing Active Learning, it is demonstrated that performance comparable to the fully supervised setting can be achieved by annotating just 2.5% of the images. To this end, an annotation tool is developed for user interaction during Active Learning.
Dieses Buch enthält die wichtigsten statistischen Instrumente und Formeln, die Sie in den Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften benötigen. Besonderer Wert wird darauf gelegt, dass Sie jede einzelne Formel verstehen und anwenden können. Zu jeder Formel finden Sie deshalb eine Erläuterung der Anwendungsfälle, eine detaillierte Beschreibung der einzelnen Symbole in der Formel und der notwendigen Rechenschritte, ein Anwendungsbeispiel mit vollständigem und erläutertem Rechenweg sowie eine Interpretation des jeweiligen Ergebnisses.
Datenmodellierung
(2019)
Andreas Gadatsch schließt mit dem vorliegenden essential eine Lücke in einführenden Werken zur Datenmodellierung. Diese Modelle gehören zum Basiswissen in Einführungsveranstaltungen zur Wirtschaftsinformatik für Betriebswirte. Die Literatur dazu ist für diese Zielgruppe häufig zu speziell, da sie sich eher an Informatiker richtet. Der Autor bietet hier nun einen kompakten Einstieg in die klassische CHEN-Notation anhand eines durchgängigen Fallbeispiels, auf der viele neue Modellierungsansätze aufbauen. Die zweite Auflage enthält einige formale Korrekturen und Ergänzungen (z. B. Rekursive Relationen).
Bioinspired stem cell-based hard tissue engineering includes numerous aspects: The synthesis and fabrication of appropriate scaffold materials, their analytical characterization, and guided osteogenesis using the sustained release of osteoinducing and/or osteoconducting drugs for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation. Here, the effect of silicon- and silicate-containing materials on osteogenesis at the molecular level has been a particular focus within the last decade. This review summarizes recently published scientific results, including material developments and analysis, with a special focus on silicon hybrid bone composites. First, the sources, bioavailability, and functions of silicon on various tissues are discussed. The second focus is on the effects of calcium-silicate biomineralization and corresponding analytical methods in investigating osteogenesis and bone formation. Finally, recent developments in the manufacturing of Si-containing scaffolds are discussed, including in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as recently filed patents that focus on the influence of silicon on hard tissue formation.
In January 2015, German retail and industry jointly started a sector-wide initiative ("Initiative Tierwohl" - ITW) to improve animal welfare standards. The principle of the ITW is communicated mostly via the websites of ITW and its participating companies. However, uncertainty remained whether or not these websites provide the necessary information consumers need on the ITW products. Based on Schwartz's basic human values, different types of consumers were identified by a cluster analysis (ward-method, k-means). The results showed that depending on expressed meta‐values (Self-Transcendence/Openness to Change Self-Enhancement or Conservation), respondents had different specific information sources and needs. Online sources were rarely mentioned, the majority of consumers referred to brochures, flyers and interpersonal contacts.
Bond graph software can simulate bond graph models without the user needing to manually derive equations. This offers the power to model larger and more complex systems than in the past. Multibond graphs (those with vector bonds) offer a compact model which further eases handling multibody systems. Although multibond graphs can be simulated successfully, the use of vector bonds can present difficulties. In addition, most qualitative, bond graph–based exploitation relies on the use of scalar bonds. This article discusses the main methods for simulating bond graphs of multibody systems, using a graphical software platform. The transformation between models with vector and scalar bonds is presented. The methods are then compared with respect to both time and accuracy, through simulation of two benchmark models. This article is a tutorial on the existing methods for simulating three-dimensional rigid and holonomic multibody systems using bond graphs and discusses the difficulties encountered. It then proposes and adapts methods for simulating this type of system directly from its bond graph within a software package. The value of this study is in giving practical guidance to modellers, so that they can implement the adapted method in software.
Mass Spectrometry: Pyrolysis
(2019)
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Filtervorrichtung zur Anreicherung gasförmiger und/oder partikelgebundener Stoffe. Erfindungsgemäß weist Filtervorrichtung eine wenigstens abschnittsweise luftdurchlässige Umhüllung (1, 3) und ein innerhalb der Umhüllung (1, 3) vorgesehenen Adsorbens (2) zur Anreicherung gasförmiger und/oder partikelgebundener Stoffe aus durch die Umhüllung (1, 3) hindurchgetretener Luft auf, zur nachfolgenden Überprüfung mittels eines lebenden olfaktorischen Detektors und/oder eines thermodesorptionsgekoppelten Analysegeräts auf Geruchsstoffe und/oder Zielanalyten, wobei ein Teil der Umhüllung (1, 3) einen in das Adsorbens (2) hineinführend, an nur einer Seite offenen Kanal (7) ausbildet, an dem offenen Ende des Kanals (7) eine Anschlusseinrichtung (8) zum Anschluss an ein Ansaugsystem angeordnet ist und die Umhüllung (1, 3) und das Adsorbens an Luft bis wenigstens 400 °C thermostabil sind. Auf diese Weise wird eine einfache und verlässliche Möglichkeit bereitgestellt, mit einer gemeinsamen Filtervorrichtung (9) sowohl eine Überprüfung mittels eines lebenden olfaktorischen Detektors sowie nachfolgend eine Überprüfung mittels eines thermodesorptionsgekoppelten Analysegeräts auf Geruchsstoffe und/oder Zielanalyten durchführen zu können.
Miscanthus x giganteus Stem Versus Leaf-Derived Lignins Differing in Monolignol Ratio and Linkage
(2019)
As a renewable, Miscanthus offers numerous advantages such as high photosynthesis activity (as a C4 plant) and an exceptional CO2 fixation rate. These properties make Miscanthus very attractive for industrial exploitation, such as lignin generation. In this paper, we present a systematic study analyzing the correlation of the lignin structure with the Miscanthus genotype and plant portion (stem versus leaf). Specifically, the ratio of the three monolignols and corresponding building blocks as well as the linkages formed between the units have been studied. The lignin amount has been determined for M. x giganteus (Gig17, Gig34, Gig35), M. nagara (NagG10), M. sinensis (Sin2), and M. robustus (Rob4) harvested at different time points (September, December, and April). The influence of the Miscanthus genotype and plant component (leaf vs. stem) has been studied to develop corresponding structure-property relationships (i.e., correlations in molecular weight, polydispersity, and decomposition temperature). Lignin isolation was performed using non-catalyzed organosolv pulping and the structure analysis includes compositional analysis, Fourier transform infradred (FTIR), ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis), hetero-nuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonsnce (HSQC-NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and pyrolysis gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Structural differences were found for stem and leaf-derived lignins. Compared to beech wood lignins, Miscanthus lignins possess lower molecular weight and narrow polydispersities (<1.5 Miscanthus vs. >2.5 beech) corresponding to improved homogeneity. In addition to conventional univariate analysis of FTIR spectra, multivariate chemometrics revealed distinct differences for aromatic in-plane deformations of stem versus leaf-derived lignins. These results emphasize the potential of Miscanthus as a low-input resource and a Miscanthus-derived lignin as promising agricultural feedstock.
Das Forschungsprojekt beruht auf zwei Elementen: Die erste Untersuchung, ein Verhaltensexperiment mit 35 Studierenden der Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, erforschte den Einfluss von Gruppengröße (Zuschauereffekt) und dargebotenen Informationen zu Verantwortungsdiffusion (Priming) auf nachhaltiges Verhalten. Mithilfe eines zweiten Online-Experiments folgte eine Erhebung zum Einfluss von wahrgenommener persönlicher Bedrohung auf die Bereitschaft zu nachhaltigem Verhalten (N = 72). Die Ergebnisse des ersten Experimentes zeigen einen schwachen, statistisch nicht signifikanten Einfluss der Gruppengröße sowie einen, z.T. statistisch signifikanten, Einfluss der dargebotenen Informationen zu Verantwortungsdiffusion auf das gemessene nachhaltige Verhalten. Bequemlichkeit sowie monetärer Aufwand stellen mit Abstand die größten Hindernisse für nachhaltiges Verhalten dar, während die Beeinflussung durch andere und das Ziel des Umweltschutzes als positive Argumente für nachhaltiges Verhalten genannt wurden. In der Folgestudie konnte ein statistisch signifikanter kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen der wahrgenommenen persönlichen Bedrohung durch die aktuelle Umwelt- und Klimasituation und der Bereitschaft zu nachhaltigem Verhalten nachgewiesen werden. Alle Resultate zu Verhaltensintentionen zeigten insgesamt eine hohe Bereitschaft der Probanden zu nachhaltigem Verhalten.
Zur Milderung des Klimawandels sind Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Energieeinsparungen notwendig. Energiespartipps informieren über energiesparende Verhaltensweisen und Produkte. Zur Formulierung wirkungsvoller Energiespartipps untersucht die Arbeit, welchen Einfluss Ergänzungen von CO2-Angaben und Formulierungen der Konsequenzen auf die wahrgenommene Informationsqualität, Nützlichkeit und Verhaltensabsicht haben. Außerdem wird untersucht, ob es diesbezüglich Unterschiede zwischen verhaltens- und investitionsorientierten Tipps gibt. Dazu wurde ein Onlineexperiment (N = 352) im 4 x 4 x 2 Design mit den vierstufigen Zwischensubjektfaktoren Framing der Währung (alleinige CO2-Angabe, Jahresvergleichswert, äquivalente Fahrstrecke, äquivalente Laptopnutzung) und Framing der Konsequenz (erreichte Einsparung, vermiedener Ausstoß, entgangene Einsparung, verursachter Ausstoß) sowie der Art des Energiespartipps (verhaltens- vs. investitionsorientiert) als zweistufigen Innersubjektfaktor konzipiert. Varianzanalysen ergaben, dass der verhaltensorientierte Tipp positiver als der investitionsorientierte Tipp bewertet wurde und verhaltensnahe Ergänzungen die Nützlichkeit von CO2-Angaben sowie die Verhaltensintention erhöhen. Das Framing der Konsequenz hatte keinen Effekt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Relevanz, zwischen verhaltens- und investitionsorientierten Energiespartipps zu differenzieren und verhaltensnahe Ergänzungen von CO2-Angaben in Kilogramm zu berücksichtigen.
Analytical pyrolysis
(2019)
Analytical pyrolysis deals with the structural identification and quantitation of pyrolysis products with the ultimate aim of establishing the identity of the original material and the mechanisms of its thermal decomposition. The pyrolytic process is carried out in a pyrolyzer interfaced with analytical instrumentation such as gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), or with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FTIR). By measurement and identification of pyrolysis products, the molecular composition of the original sample can often be reconstructed.This book is the outcome of contributions by experts in the field of pyrolysis and includes applications of the analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS to characterize the structure of synthetic organic polymers and lignocellulosic materials as well as cellulosic pulps and isolated lignins, solid wood, waste particle board, and bio-oil. The thermal degradation of cellulose and biomass is examined by scanning electron micrography, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis, and TG/MS. The calorimetric determination of high heating values of different raw biomass, plastic waste, and biomass/plastic waste mixtures and their by-products resulting from pyrolysis is described.
Treatment options for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain extremely limited and associated with significant toxicity. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is involved in the generation of NAD+ and a potential therapeutic target in AML. We evaluated the effect of KPT-9274, a p21-activated kinase 4/NAMPT inhibitor that possesses a unique NAMPT-binding profile based on in silico modeling compared with earlier compounds pursued against this target. KPT-9274 elicited loss of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis and induced apoptosis in AML subtypes independent of mutations and genomic abnormalities. These actions occurred mainly through the depletion of NAD+, whereas genetic knockdown of p21-activated kinase 4 did not induce cytotoxicity in AML cell lines or influence the cytotoxic effect of KPT-9274. KPT-9274 exposure reduced colony formation, increased blast differentiation, and diminished the frequency of leukemia-initiating cells from primary AML samples; KPT-9274 was minimally cytotoxic toward normal hematopoietic or immune cells. In addition, KPT-9274 improved overall survival in vivo in 2 different mouse models of AML and reduced tumor development in a patient-derived xenograft model of AML. Overall, KPT-9274 exhibited broad preclinical activity across a variety of AML subtypes and warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for AML.
Miscanthus bietet als nachwachsende Industrie- und Energiepflanze zahlreiche Vorteile, die neben den direkten landwirtschaftlichen Anwendungen wie Verbrennung und Tiereinstreu auch eine stoffliche Nutzung im chemischen Bereich zulassen. Als C4-Pflanze mit gesteigerter Photosynthese-Aktivität weist Miscanthus zudem eine hohe CO2-Fixierrate auf. Aufgrund des geringen Kultivierungsaufwandes sowie der hohen Erträge bietet sich Miscanthus als ausgesprochen attraktiver Rohstoff für die Produktion erneuerbarer Kraftstoffe und Chemikalien an, welche mittels thermo-chemischer Umwandlung gewonnen werden.
Qualität als Erfolgsfaktor
(2019)
Chemie ist viel einfacher, als es häufig heißt. Dieses Buch soll dazu beitragen, ihr Interesse an diesem Fach zu wecken oder zu vertiefen. Alle grundlegenden Prinzipien der Chemie werden nachvollziehbar dargestellt. Querbezüge und Zusammenhänge zwischen den verschiedenen Fachgebieten werden gezeigt. Sie werden keine Formel finden, deren Herleitung Sie nicht nachvollziehen können. Am Ende fast jeden Kapitels gibt es Übungsaufgaben. Ausführliche Lösungen gibt es natürlich auch. Das sollte nicht nur für die Prüfungen der ersten Semester reichen, sondern Ihnen auch ein sicheres Fundament für Ihr weiteres Studium bieten.
Das YouTubiversum
(2019)
Mit YouTube hat sich im Internet eine Videoplattform etabliert, die einen eigenen subkulturellen Mikrokosmos darstellt und bei einigen, vor allem jüngeren Mediennutzergruppen eine starke Konkurrenz für das klassische Fernsehen darstellt. Neue Darstellungs- und Präsentationsformen, die Dialogisierung des Zuschauerkontakts und kreative Erlös- und Finanzierungsstrukturen haben YouTube zur Chiffre für Onlinevideo überhaupt gemacht. (Verlagsangaben)
The application of Raman and infrared (IR) microspectroscopy is leading to hyperspectral data containing complementary information concerning the molecular composition of a sample. The classification of hyperspectral data from the individual spectroscopic approaches is already state-of-the-art in several fields of research. However, more complex structured samples and difficult measuring conditions might affect the accuracy of classification results negatively and could make a successful classification of the sample components challenging. This contribution presents a comprehensive comparison in supervised pixel classification of hyperspectral microscopic images, proving that a combined approach of Raman and IR microspectroscopy has a high potential to improve classification rates by a meaningful extension of the feature space. It shows that the complementary information in spatially co-registered hyperspectral images of polymer samples can be accessed using different feature extraction methods and, once fused on the feature-level, is in general more accurately classifiable in a pattern recognition task than the corresponding classification results for data derived from the individual spectroscopic approaches.
Sicherung des Jugend- und Spielerschutzes innerhalb des gewerblichen Geldspiels in Deutschland – 2.1
(2019)
Ein zentrales, gleichrangiges Ziel des Glücksspielstaatsvertrags (GlüStV) ist "den Jugend- und den Spielerschutz zu gewährleisten" (§ 1 Satz 1 Nr. 3 GlüStV). Seit 2014 werden Spielangebote des gewerblichen Geldspiels in Spielhallen und Gaststätten in Deutschland von staatlich akkreditierten Gesellschaften des Technischen Überwachungsvereins (TÜV) hinsichtlich der Einhaltung rechtlicher Pflichten und wissenschaftlicher Gebote zur Gewährleistung des Jugend- und Spielerschutzes individuell geprüft und bei Erfolg sichtbar zertifiziert. Eine solche Zertifizierung kann dazu beitragen, den Jugend- und den Spielerschutz gemäß § 1 Satz 1 Nr. 3 GlüStV und dessen Vollzug in hohem Maße zu gewährleisten.
Führung
(2019)